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<html><body>T&#7915; 0h ng&agrave;y 01/04/2020, Vi&#7879;t Nam b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u &aacute;p d&#7909;ng l&#7879;nh c&aacute;ch ly to&agrave;n x&atilde; h&#7897;i tr&ecirc;n ph&#7841;m vi to&agrave;n qu&#7889;c nh&#7857;m ng&#259;n ch&#7863;n &#273;&agrave; l&acirc;y lan c&#7911;a d&#7883;ch Covid-19. &#272;&#7875; l&agrave;m gi&#7843;m s&#7921; lan tr&agrave;n r&#7897;ng r&atilde;i c&#7911;a c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh d&#7877; truy&#7873;n nhi&#7877;m v&agrave; tr&aacute;nh qu&aacute; t&#7843;i c&aacute;c h&#7879; th&#7889;ng y t&#7871;, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&agrave; trong m&ugrave;a &#273;&#7841;i d&#7883;ch, m&#7897;t lo&#7841;t c&aacute;c bi&#7879;n ph&aacute;p c&aacute;ch ly x&atilde; h&#7897;i &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng nh&#432; l&agrave; &#273;&oacute;ng c&#7917;a c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7885;c v&agrave; n&#417;i l&agrave;m vi&#7879;c, h&#7841;n ch&#7871; &#273;i l&#7841;i, c&#7845;m t&#7909; t&#7853;p &#273;&ocirc;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i,&hellip;&nbsp;C&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p n&agrave;y th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i &aacute;p d&#7909;ng t&#7915; l&acirc;u v&agrave; &#273;&atilde; g&oacute;p ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n nh&#7857;m &#273;&#7849;y l&ugrave;i c&aacute;c d&#7883;ch b&#7879;nh kh&#7911;ng khi&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y. D&#432;&#7899;i &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; m&#7897;t s&#7889; v&iacute; d&#7909; ti&ecirc;u bi&#7875;u.&nbsp;1. D&#7883;ch b&#7841;i li&#7879;t n&#259;m 1916 &#7903; New YorkN&#259;m 1916, n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929; h&#7913;ng ch&#7883;u s&#7921; c&agrave;n qu&eacute;t kinh ho&agrave;ng c&#7911;a si&ecirc;u vi tr&ugrave;ng poliovirus - t&aacute;c nh&acirc;n ch&iacute;nh g&acirc;y n&ecirc;n c&#259;n b&#7879;nh b&#7841;i li&#7879;t, th&#7913; &#273;&atilde; c&#432;&#7899;p &#273;i sinh m&#7841;ng c&#7911;a h&#417;n 6000 ng&#432;&#7901;i trong t&#7893;ng s&#7889; 27,000 ca nhi&#7877;m &#7903; n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929;, t&iacute;nh ri&ecirc;ng &#7903; New York l&agrave; h&#417;n 2000 ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&#7871;t. Nh&#7919;ng con s&#7889; bi&#7871;t n&oacute;i &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;a d&#7883;ch b&#7841;i li&#7879;t n&#259;m 1916 x&#7871;p v&agrave;o h&agrave;ng nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7841;i d&#7883;ch kinh kh&#7911;ng nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i.&nbsp;&#272;&#7841;i d&#7883;ch n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; g&acirc;y ra s&#7921; ho&#7843;ng lo&#7841;n tr&ecirc;n to&agrave;n n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929;. Nh&#7919;ng r&#7841;p phim b&#7883; &#273;&oacute;ng c&#7917;a, c&aacute;c cu&#7897;c h&#7897;i h&#7885;p to&agrave;n b&#7897; b&#7883; h&#7911;y b&#7887;, kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; t&#7909; t&#7853;p &#273;&ocirc;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7903; nh&#7919;ng n&#417;i c&ocirc;ng c&#7897;ng. Tr&#7867; em &#273;&#432;&#7907;c khuy&#7871;n c&aacute;o kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c u&#7889;ng n&#432;&#7899;c t&#7915; c&aacute;c con su&#7889;i, tr&aacute;nh xa c&ocirc;ng vi&ecirc;n n&#432;&#7899;c, b&#7875; b&#417;i v&agrave; c&aacute;c b&atilde;i bi&#7875;n. C&aacute;c bi&#7879;n ph&aacute;p c&aacute;ch ly &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng tri&#7879;t &#273;&#7875; nh&#7857;m tr&aacute;nh l&acirc;y lan b&#7879;nh tr&ecirc;n di&#7879;n r&#7897;ng v&agrave; nh&#7857;m gi&#7843;m thi&#7875;u s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7917; vong.&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img src="/upload/files/image(1).jpeg"><figcaption>D&#7883;ch b&#7841;i li&#7879;t &#7903; New York n&#259;m 1916 kinh ho&agrave;ng &#273;&#7871;n n&#7895;i ch&iacute;nh quy&#7873;n ph&#7843;i ban l&#7879;nh c&#7845;m t&#7909; t&#7853;p &#273;&ocirc;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i (Ngu&#7891;n &#7843;nh: Google)</figcaption></figure>&nbsp;2. D&#7883;ch c&uacute;m 1918 - nayTrong &#273;&#7841;i d&#7883;ch c&uacute;m 1918, Philadelphia xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n ca nhi&#7877;m &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n v&agrave;o 17 th&aacute;ng 9. B&#7887; qua &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y, ch&iacute;nh quy&#7873;n th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; v&#7851;n quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh t&#7893; ch&#7913;c bu&#7893;i tu&#7847;n h&agrave;nh v&#7899;i h&#417;n 200,000 ng&#432;&#7901;i tham d&#7921;. H&#7879; qu&#7843; l&agrave; ch&#7881; ba ng&agrave;y sau &#273;&oacute;, 31 b&#7879;nh vi&#7879;n tr&ecirc;n to&agrave;n th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; ch&#7853;t k&iacute;n gi&#432;&#7901;ng b&#7879;nh v&agrave; ch&#7881; m&#7897;t tu&#7847;n sau &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; 4500 ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&#7871;t. C&aacute;c bi&#7879;n ph&aacute;p c&aacute;ch ly x&atilde; h&#7897;i ngay l&#7853;p t&#7913;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ban h&agrave;nh v&agrave;o ng&agrave;y 3 th&aacute;ng 10, h&#417;n 2 tu&#7847;n sau ca nhi&#7877;m &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n.&nbsp;&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img src="/upload/files/image.jpeg"><figcaption>Philadelphia th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n c&aacute;ch ly x&atilde; h&#7897;i ch&#7881; 2 tu&#7847;n sau khi d&#7883;ch c&uacute;m b&ugrave;ng n&#7893; (Ngu&#7891;n &#7843;nh: Google)</figcaption></figure>&nbsp;Kh&ocirc;ng gi&#7889;ng&nbsp; nh&#432; Philadelphia, St.Louis c&oacute; ca nhi&#7877;m c&uacute;m &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n v&agrave;o ng&agrave;y 5 th&aacute;ng 10 v&agrave; ch&#7881; m&#7845;t 2 ng&agrave;y &#273;&#7875; ra quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh c&aacute;ch ly x&atilde; h&#7897;i, bao g&#7891;m &#273;&oacute;ng c&#7917;a tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7885;c, r&#7841;p h&aacute;t, h&#7911;y b&#7887; c&aacute;c cu&#7897;c h&#7897;i h&#7885;p &#273;&ocirc;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i, k&#7875; c&#7843; &#273;&aacute;m tang. H&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; g&oacute;p ph&#7847;n l&agrave;m gi&#7843;m s&#7921; l&acirc;y lan m&#7841;nh m&#7869; c&#7911;a virus v&agrave; ng&#259;n ch&#7863;n s&#7921; leo thang c&#7911;a s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng c&aacute;c ca t&#7917; vong, khi&#7871;n St.Louis tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; c&oacute; t&#7881; l&#7879; t&#7917; vong &iacute;t h&#417;n t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; kh&aacute;c.M&#7897;t d&#7851;n ch&#7913;ng kh&aacute;c, bi&#7879;n ph&aacute;p &#273;&oacute;ng c&#7917;a tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7885;c &#273;&atilde; th&#7921;c s&#7921; l&agrave;m t&#7881; l&#7879; m&#7855;c b&#7879;nh c&uacute;m &#7903; Ch&acirc;u &Aacute; gi&#7843;m &#273;i kho&#7843;ng 90% trong su&#7889;t &#273;&#7907;t b&ugrave;ng n&#7893; d&#7883;ch n&#259;m 1957 - 1958, v&agrave; g&#7847;n 50% trong kho&#7843;ng th&#7901;i gian ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t d&#7883;ch c&uacute;m &#7903; M&#7929; (2004 - 2008). T&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; th&#7871;, vi&#7879;c b&#7855;t bu&#7897;c &#273;&oacute;ng c&#7917;a tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7885;c v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng bi&#7879;n ph&aacute;p c&aacute;ch ly x&atilde; h&#7897;i kh&aacute;c &#273;&atilde; l&agrave;m gi&#7843;m 29% - 37% t&#7881; l&#7879; nhi&#7877;m c&uacute;m n&#259;m 2009 &#7903; Mexico.&nbsp;&nbsp;3. D&#7883;ch SARS 2003Trong su&#7889;t th&#7901;i gian b&ugrave;ng n&#7893; d&#7883;ch SARS n&#259;m 2003, c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p c&aacute;ch ly x&atilde; h&#7897;i nh&#432; c&#7845;m t&#7909; t&#7853;p &#273;&ocirc;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i, &#273;&oacute;ng c&#7917;a r&#7841;p h&aacute;t v&agrave; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7885;c &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ban h&agrave;nh c&ugrave;ng v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng bi&#7879;n ph&aacute;p y t&#7871; c&ocirc;ng c&#7897;ng kh&aacute;c nh&#432; l&agrave; t&igrave;m, c&aacute;ch ly ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7883; nhi&#7877;m v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#7871;p x&uacute;c g&#7847;n v&#7899;i h&#7885;, th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n c&aacute;c quy tr&igrave;nh ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t nhi&#7877;m tr&ugrave;ng. &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &aacute;p d&#7909;ng c&ugrave;ng v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c &#273;eo kh&#7849;u trang v&#7899;i m&#7897;t s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh. Trong kho&#7843;ng th&#7901;i gian n&agrave;y &#7903; Canada, "c&aacute;ch ly c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng" c&#361;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng tri&#7879;t &#273;&#7875; nh&#7857;m l&agrave;m gi&#7843;m s&#7921; l&acirc;y lan c&#7911;a d&#7883;ch b&#7879;nh.Trong &#273;&#7841;i d&#7883;ch to&agrave;n c&#7847;u virus Corona 2019-2020, T&#7893; ch&#7913;c Y t&#7871; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i WHO &#273;&#7873; xu&#7845;t chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7893;i hai kh&aacute;i ni&#7879;m "v&#7853;t l&yacute;" v&agrave; "x&atilde; h&#7897;i": s&#7917; d&#7909;ng "c&aacute;ch ly v&#7853;t l&yacute;" thay cho "c&aacute;ch ly x&atilde; h&#7897;i", &#273;&#7875; gi&#7919; v&#7919;ng quan &#273;i&#7875;m r&#7857;ng &#273;&acirc;y ch&#7881; l&agrave; m&#7897;t bi&#7879;n ph&aacute;p c&aacute;ch ly v&#7853;t l&yacute; &#273;&#7875; ng&#259;n ch&#7863;n s&#7921; truy&#7873;n nhi&#7877;m, m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7851;n c&oacute; th&#7875; giao l&#432;u k&#7871;t n&#7889;i x&atilde; h&#7897;i th&ocirc;ng qua c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng.&nbsp;T&iacute;nh t&#7915; ng&agrave;y &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n c&aacute;ch ly x&atilde; h&#7897;i 01/04 &#273;&#7871;n nay &#273;&atilde; l&agrave; 5 ng&agrave;y, Vi&#7879;t nam ghi nh&#7853;n 240 ca nhi&#7877;m, trong &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; 90 ca kh&#7887;i b&#7879;nh v&agrave; ch&#432;a c&oacute; ca n&agrave;o t&#7917; vong. Ch&#7913;ng t&#7887; nh&#7919;ng n&#7895; l&#7921;c ng&#259;n ch&#7863;n d&#7883;ch b&#7879;nh c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng ta &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng v&agrave; ch&uacute;ng ta &#273;ang &#273;i &#273;&uacute;ng h&#432;&#7899;ng. T&#7915; nh&#7919;ng b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng trong qu&aacute; kh&#7913; &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng con s&#7889; &#7903; th&#7921;c t&#7841;i, t&#7845;t c&#7843; &#273;&atilde; cho th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng, c&aacute;ch ly x&atilde; h&#7897;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t gi&#7843;i ph&aacute;p c&#7921;c k&igrave; c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t l&uacute;c n&agrave;y v&agrave; l&agrave; bi&#7879;n ph&aacute;p duy nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7875; ng&#259;n ch&#7863;n d&#7883;ch b&#7879;nh ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c l&acirc;y lan. Nh&#7919;ng ng&agrave;y s&#7855;p t&#7899;i quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh s&#7921; th&agrave;nh b&#7841;i c&#7911;a to&agrave;n b&#7897; cu&#7897;c chi&#7871;n v&#7889;n &#273;&atilde; r&#7845;t m&#7879;t m&#7887;i n&agrave;y, b&#7903;i v&#7853;y l&agrave; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i con c&#7911;a T&#7893; qu&#7889;c, n&#7871;u mu&#7889;n &#273;&oacute;ng g&oacute;p cho x&atilde; h&#7897;i, xin h&atilde;y &#7903; y&ecirc;n t&#7841;i nh&agrave; cho &#273;&#7871;n 15/04.</body></html>

Trần Thu Hà

Từ 0h ngày 01/04/2020, Việt Nam bắt đầu áp dụng lệnh cách ly toàn xã hội trên phạm vi toàn quốc nhằm ngăn chặn đà lây lan của dịch Covid-19.

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Trước Covid-19 đã có những đại dịch nào áp dụng biện pháp cách ly xã hội?