Sự hình thành và phát triển của Tâm lý học hiện đại (Phần 1)

Triết học của Tâm trí và khởi nguyên của Tâm lý học

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<html><body>&#272;&oacute; l&agrave; t&ecirc;n m&#7897;t b&#7897; phim n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng &#273;&atilde; t&#7915;ng gi&agrave;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c 4 gi&#7843;i Oscar v&agrave;o n&#259;m 2002, trong &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; c&oacute; gi&#7843;i Phim hay nh&#7845;t v&agrave; K&#7883;ch b&#7843;n chuy&#7875;n th&#7875; xu&#7845;t s&#7855;c nh&#7845;t, Russell Crowe c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7873; c&#7917; cho Nam ch&iacute;nh xu&#7845;t s&#7855;c nh&#7845;t. B&#7897; phim k&#7875; v&#7873; cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i c&#7911;a nh&agrave; to&aacute;n h&#7885;c thi&ecirc;n t&agrave;i John Nash, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; &#273;o&#7841;t gi&#7843;i Nobel Kinh t&#7871; v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1994.Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, b&#7897; phim kh&ocirc;ng n&oacute;i v&#7873; t&agrave;i n&#259;ng c&#7911;a nh&agrave; to&aacute;n h&#7885;c, m&agrave; t&#7853;p trung v&agrave;o nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; John Nash v&agrave; v&#7907; &ocirc;ng, b&aacute;c s&#297; Alicia Esther Nash, &#273;&atilde; ph&#7843;i tr&#7843;i qua do ch&#7913;ng r&#7889;i lo&#7841;n t&acirc;m th&#7847;n c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng. John Nash b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n c&#7911;a ch&#7913;ng t&acirc;m th&#7847;n ph&acirc;n li&#7879;t t&#7915; n&#259;m 1959, th&#7901;i gian v&#7907; &ocirc;ng b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u mang thai, khi &#273;&oacute; &ocirc;ng 31 tu&#7893;i. V&agrave; d&ugrave; b&#7897; phim &#273;&atilde; kh&ocirc;ng k&#7875; l&#7841;i ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i c&#7911;a nh&agrave; to&aacute;n h&#7885;c thi&ecirc;n t&agrave;i th&igrave; n&oacute;, &#273;&#432;&#417;ng nhi&ecirc;n l&agrave; c&ugrave;ng v&#7899;i gi&#7843;i Nobel, c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; g&oacute;p ph&#7847;n gi&uacute;p &ocirc;ng tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh&nbsp; b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n t&acirc;m th&#7847;n ph&acirc;n li&#7879;t n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng nh&#7845;t m&#7885;i th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i.Ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7883; m&#7855;c t&acirc;m th&#7847;n ph&acirc;n li&#7879;t s&#7869; c&oacute; th&#7875; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n nhi&#7873;u tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng kh&aacute;c nhau nh&#432; hoang t&#432;&#7903;ng, &#7843;o gi&aacute;c, kh&oacute; kh&#259;n trong t&#7853;p trung suy ngh&#297; v&agrave; thi&#7871;u &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c khi b&#7879;nh b&#7883; k&iacute;ch ho&#7841;t. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i John Nash c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng ngo&#7841;i l&#7879;. Theo nh&#432; &ocirc;ng k&#7875; l&#7841;i, sau khi nh&#7853;n th&#7845;y nh&#7919;ng d&#7845;u hi&#7879;u &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n c&#7911;a c&#259;n b&#7879;nh, c&#361;ng l&agrave; l&uacute;c v&#7907; &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; mang, John Nash, l&uacute;c n&agrave;y &#273;ang l&agrave;m vi&#7879;c &#7903; M.I.T., &#273;&atilde; xin ngh&#7881;. V&agrave; sau 50 ng&agrave;y d&#432;&#7899;i s&#7921; &ldquo;theo d&otilde;i&rdquo; &#7903; b&#7879;nh vi&#7879;n McLean, &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; &#273;i t&#7899;i ch&acirc;u &Acirc;u v&#7899;i mong mu&#7889;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c trao t&#432; c&aacute;ch ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7883; n&#7841;n. Th&#7901;i gian sau &#273;&oacute;, &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; d&agrave;nh t&#7915; 5-8 th&aacute;ng &#7903; nhi&#7873;u b&#7879;nh vi&#7879;n t&#7841;i New Jersey, lu&ocirc;n trong t&igrave;nh tr&#7841;ng kh&ocirc;ng t&#7921; nguy&#7879;n v&agrave; lu&ocirc;n c&#7889; g&#7855;ng t&igrave;m c&aacute;ch &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&oacute;ng th&iacute;ch b&#7857;ng c&aacute;c tranh lu&#7853;n ph&aacute;p l&yacute;. Trong th&#7901;i gian n&agrave;y, John Nash c&oacute; l&#7869; &#273;&atilde; th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&ecirc;n &#7903; trong t&igrave;nh tr&#7841;ng hoang t&#432;&#7903;ng v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c, khi &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7873; ngh&#7883; &#7903; l&#7841;i b&#7879;nh vi&#7879;n m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch t&#7921; nguy&#7879;n, &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; t&#7915; ch&#7889;i v&igrave; tin r&#7857;ng &ocirc;ng l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i l&atilde;nh &#273;&#7841;o c&#7911;a m&#7897;t phong tr&agrave;o h&ograve;a b&igrave;nh to&agrave;n c&#7847;u m&agrave; s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i ch&#7881; &ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t. Th&#7853;m ch&iacute; m&#7865; &ocirc;ng, trong chuy&#7871;n th&#259;m v&agrave;i ng&agrave;y sau, c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; v&ocirc; c&ugrave;ng qu&#7851;n tr&iacute; khi th&#7845;y t&igrave;nh tr&#7841;ng c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng l&uacute;c b&#7845;y gi&#7901;.&#272;i&#7873;u &#273;&aacute;ng ng&#7841;c nhi&ecirc;n l&agrave; &ocirc;ng v&#7851;n c&oacute; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng s&#7917; d&#7909;ng l&yacute; tr&iacute; &#273;&#7875; ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n nh&#7919;ng hoang t&#432;&#7903;ng g&acirc;y ra b&#7903;i nh&#7919;ng c&#417;n t&acirc;m th&#7847;n ph&acirc;n li&#7879;t, tr&#7903; l&#7841;i suy ngh&#297; nh&#432; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7899;i &ldquo;nh&#7919;ng ho&agrave;n c&#7843;nh th&ocirc;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng&rdquo; v&agrave; th&#7853;m ch&iacute; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n c&aacute;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u. John Nash &#273;&atilde; ho&agrave;n th&agrave;nh t&#7893;ng c&#7897;ng 3 nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u to&aacute;n h&#7885;c chuy&ecirc;n s&acirc;u&nbsp; trong nh&#7919;ng th&#7901;i gian &ocirc;ng s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &ldquo;l&yacute; tr&iacute; c&#432;&#7905;ng ch&#7871;&rdquo; nh&#432; v&#7853;y. Th&#7853;m ch&iacute; l&agrave; sau khi tr&#7903; l&#7841;i tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i hoang t&#432;&#7903;ng &ldquo;nh&#432; trong m&#417;&rdquo; v&agrave;o kho&#7843;ng cu&#7889;i nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m 1960, d&ugrave; v&#7851;n b&#7883; t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng b&#7903;i nh&#7919;ng suy ngh&#297; hoang t&#432;&#7903;ng, John Nash v&#7851;n c&oacute; th&#7875; ph&#7847;n n&agrave;o ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&agrave;nh vi c&#7911;a b&#7843;n th&acirc;n v&agrave; , nh&#7901; &#273;&oacute;, tr&aacute;nh vi&#7879;c ph&#7843;i nh&#7853;p vi&#7879;n hay b&#7883; ch&uacute; &yacute; b&#7903;i c&aacute;c b&aacute;c s&#297; t&acirc;m th&#7847;n.Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, t&acirc;m th&#7847;n ph&acirc;n li&#7879;t l&agrave; m&#7897;t c&#259;n b&#7879;nh m&agrave; ch&uacute;ng ta v&#7851;n &#273;ang ch&#432;a t&igrave;m ra c&aacute;ch ch&#7919;a tr&#7883;. V&igrave; v&#7853;y, sau khi tr&#7903; l&#7841;i cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng, c&#259;n b&#7879;nh v&#7851;n &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng r&#7845;t l&#7899;n &#273;&#7871;n nhi&#7873;u kh&iacute;a c&#7841;nh trong &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng. Sau th&#7901;i gian chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7871;n l&agrave;m vi&#7879;c &#7903; &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Princeton, &ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i bi&#7871;t &#273;&#7871;n v&#7899;i bi&#7879;t danh &ldquo;B&oacute;ng ma c&#7911;a Fine Hall&rdquo; b&#7903;i c&aacute;ch &ocirc;ng l&#7843;ng v&#7843;ng &#7903; c&aacute;c s&#7843;nh c&#7911;a ng&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng b&#7845;t k&#7875; th&#7901;i gian, vi&#7871;t ra nh&#7919;ng d&#7845;u hi&#7879;u v&agrave; c&ocirc;ng th&#7913;c kh&oacute; hi&#7875;u l&ecirc;n b&#7843;ng &#273;en. V&agrave;o m&#7897;t kho&#7843;ng th&#7901;i gian, d&#432;&#7899;i t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng c&#7911;a c&#259;n b&#7879;nh, Nash &#273;&atilde; &#273;i kh&#7855;p ch&acirc;u &Acirc;u &#273;&#7875; thuy&#7871;t ph&#7909;c nhi&#7873;u ch&iacute;nh ph&#7911; trao cho &ocirc;ng t&#432; c&aacute;ch ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7883; n&#7841;n. &Ocirc;ng c&ograve;n c&oacute; th&#7901;i gian b&#7883; &aacute;m &#7843;nh v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng chi ti&#7871;t trong Kinh th&aacute;nh, c&#7889; g&#7855;ng ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch nhi&#7873;u &#273;o&#7841;n trong &#273;&oacute; v&agrave; t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m s&#7921; t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7891;ng v&#7899;i cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh. &Ocirc;ng th&#7853;m ch&iacute; &#273;&atilde; ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch m&ocirc; h&igrave;nh c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng d&atilde;y s&#7889; nh&#432; d&atilde;y K&#466;chel &#273;&#7875; t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m m&ocirc; h&igrave;nh m&agrave; &ocirc;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; li&ecirc;n h&#7879; &#273;&#7871;n cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t ph&#7843;i k&#7875; &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n gia &#273;&igrave;nh c&#7911;a Nash, m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng v&#7899;i v&#7907; v&agrave; c&aacute;c con th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&ecirc;n c&#259;ng th&#7859;ng trong th&#7901;i gian n&agrave;y, v&agrave; &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; xa c&aacute;ch v&#7899;i h&#7885; trong kho&#7843;ng th&#7901;i gian d&agrave;i.Cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i &ocirc;ng lu&ocirc;n &#273;&#7847;y nh&#7919;ng b&#7845;t ng&#7901;, nh&#432;ng c&aacute;i ch&#7871;t c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng m&#7899;i th&#7853;t s&#7921; g&acirc;y shock cho c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng trong l&#297;nh v&#7921;c s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e t&acirc;m th&#7847;n v&agrave; gi&#7899;i h&#7885;c thu&#7853;t. V&agrave;o 23/5/2015, sau chuy&#7871;n &#273;i &#273;&#7871;n Nauy &#273;&#7875; nh&#7853;n gi&#7843;i th&#432;&#7903;ng Abel, Nash v&agrave; v&#7907;, Alicia, &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; tai n&#7841;n tr&ecirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng cao t&#7889;c New Jersey. Chi&#7871;c taxi ch&#7903; 2 ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; m&#7845;t l&aacute;i v&agrave; va ch&#7841;m v&#7899;i l&#7899;p ch&#7855;n tai n&#7841;n. H&#7853;u qu&#7843; l&agrave; c&#7911;a 2, c&ugrave;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&agrave;i d&acirc;y an to&agrave;n, &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; v&#259;ng ra kh&#7887;i xe v&agrave; t&#7917; vong. Khi &#273;&oacute; John Nash 86 tu&#7893;i.&#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7843;i ch&#7883;u &#273;&#7921;ng c&#259;n b&#7879;nh t&acirc;m th&#7847;n ph&acirc;n li&#7879;t c&#361;ng nh&#432; ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n c&#7911;a h&#7885;, c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n c&#7911;a John Nash &#273;em &#273;&#7871;n hy v&#7885;ng. Nash &#273;&atilde; cho ta th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng d&ugrave; ph&#7843;i ch&#7883;u nh&#7919;ng ch&#7913;ng b&#7879;nh t&acirc;m th&#7847;n th&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7881; &#273;em &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; h&#7911;y di&#7879;t th&igrave; v&#7899;i th&#7901;i gian, s&#7921; gi&uacute;p &#273;&#7905; chuy&ecirc;n nghi&#7879;p, v&agrave; &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&agrave; s&#7921; quan t&acirc;m v&agrave; ki&ecirc;n tr&igrave; c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i y&ecirc;u th&#432;&#417;ng, ta v&#7851;n c&oacute; th&#7875; s&#7889;ng m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i tr&#7885;n v&#7865;n. D&ugrave; cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng v&#7899;i c&#259;n b&#7879;nh t&acirc;m th&#7847;n ph&acirc;n li&#7879;t ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n kh&ocirc;ng d&#7877; d&agrave;ng nh&#432;ng ta v&#7851;n c&oacute; th&#7875;, cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng, gi&agrave;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chi&#7871;n th&#7855;ng.Ngu&#7891;n tham kh&#7843;o:<a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1994/nash/biographical/">https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1994/nash/biographical/</a><a href="https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/schizophrenia/what-is-schizophrenia">https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/schizophrenia/what-is-schizophrenia</a><a href="https://www.schizlife.com/john-nash-and-schizophrenia/">https://www.schizlife.com/john-nash-and-schizophrenia/</a><a href="https://livingwithschizophreniauk.org/john-nash/">https://livingwithschizophreniauk.org/john-nash/</a></body></html>

Hoang Minh Vu

Đó là tên một bộ phim nổi tiếng đã từng giành được 4 giải Oscar vào năm 2002, trong đó có có giải Phim hay nhất và Kịch bản chuyển 

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