Sự hình thành và phát triển của Tâm lý học hiện đại (Phần 1)

MỘT TÂM TRÍ ĐẸP

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<html><body>1. Tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c c&#7911;a T&acirc;m tr&iacute;Nh&#432; m&#7885;i m&ocirc;n khoa h&#7885;c kh&aacute;c, ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&igrave;m th&#7845;y trong c&aacute;c t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng, suy nghi&#7879;m c&#7911;a c&aacute;c Tri&#7871;t gia th&#7901;i k&#7923; c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i, m&agrave; ch&#7911; y&#7871;u &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; Hy L&#7841;p.Kho&#7843;ng t&#7915; n&#259;m 624 &#273;&#7871;n 322 TCN, Hy L&#7841;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u ch&#7913;ng ki&#7871;n s&#7921; ra &#273;&#7901;i c&#7911;a m&#7897;t lo&#7841;t nh&#7919;ng quan &#273;i&#7875;m Tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c nh&#7857;m t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m l&#7901;i gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch v&#7873; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, thay th&#7871; cho nh&#7919;ng ni&#7873;m tin v&agrave;o th&#7847;n tho&#7841;i. R&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u c&aacute;c tri&#7871;t gia &#273;&atilde; c&#7889; g&#7855;ng &#273;&#432;a ra nh&#7919;ng l&#7901;i gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch cho nh&#7919;ng c&acirc;u h&#7887;i v&#7873; t&acirc;m tr&iacute; con ng&#432;&#7901;i, d&ugrave; v&#7851;n mang t&iacute;nh Tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c. Protagoras (480 - 411 TCN) &#273;&atilde; cho r&#7857;ng c&aacute;i &#273;&#7865;p v&agrave;, th&#7853;m ch&iacute;, c&#7843; s&#7921; th&#7921;c &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; ch&#7911; quan, v&agrave; ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&agrave;o s&#7921; nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n l&agrave; th&#7921;c t&#7841;i. Socrates (470 - 399 TCN) l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n s&#7917; d&#7909;ng t&#7915; &ldquo;Psyche&rdquo; nh&#432; trung t&acirc;m c&#7911;a tr&iacute; tu&#7879; v&agrave; nh&acirc;n c&aacute;ch, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh b&#7903;i l&yacute; lu&#7853;n, &yacute; ch&iacute; v&agrave; ham mu&#7889;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i. &Yacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng n&agrave;y ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n b&#7903;i Plato (428 - 347 TCN), cho r&#7857;ng t&acirc;m tr&iacute; con ng&#432;&#7901;i ngay t&#7915; &#273;&#7847;u &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng ki&#7871;n th&#7913;c c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t, v&agrave; vi&#7879;c h&#7885;c ch&#7881; l&agrave; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; m&#7903; kh&oacute;a nh&#7919;ng ki&#7871;n th&#7913;c &#273;&oacute;. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, nh&#7919;ng &#273;&oacute;ng g&oacute;p &#273;&#432;&#7907;c bi&#7871;t &#273;&#7871;n r&#7897;ng r&atilde;i nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a th&#7901;i k&#7923; n&agrave;y v&#7899;i T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c ph&#7843;i k&#7875; &#273;&#7871;n Aristotle (384 - 322 TCN), h&#7885;c tr&ograve; c&#7911;a Plato. T&#7915; nh&#7919;ng c&ocirc;ng tr&igrave;nh c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng tri&#7871;t gia &#273;i tr&#432;&#7899;c v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&#7911;a h&#7885; v&#7873; t&acirc;m tr&iacute;, &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; vi&#7871;t n&ecirc;n cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c: Para Psyche, hay &ldquo;B&agrave;n v&#7873; T&acirc;m tr&iacute;&rdquo;. Trong &#273;&acirc;y, &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7863;t ra nh&#7919;ng gi&aacute;o l&yacute; &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n v&#7873; s&#7921; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u l&yacute; lu&#7853;n m&agrave; sau n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7883;nh h&#432;&#7899;ng s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c, v&agrave; th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&ograve;n ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n nhi&#7873;u nh&agrave; T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i.Nh&#432;ng nh&#7919;ng Tri&#7871;t gia Hy l&#7841;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i duy nh&#7845;t suy ng&#7851;m v&#7873; t&acirc;m tr&iacute; con ng&#432;&#7901;i, h&#7885; ch&#7881; l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ghi ch&eacute;p nhi&#7873;u nh&#7845;t v&#7873; n&oacute; m&agrave; th&ocirc;i. C&oacute; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u nh&#7919;ng t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#7915; nhi&#7873;u n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a kh&aacute;c nhau tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i th&#7901;i b&#7845;y gi&#7901; c&#361;ng b&agrave;n v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c, tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p ho&#7863;c gi&aacute;n ti&#7871;p. C&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y nh&#7919;ng chi&ecirc;m nghi&#7879;m v&#7873; t&acirc;m tr&iacute; con ng&#432;&#7901;i trong tri&#7871;t l&yacute; c&#7911;a m&#7885;i t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o, nhi&#7873;u trong s&#7889; &#273;&oacute; v&#7851;n &#273;ang &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&agrave; th&#7853;m ch&iacute; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7913;ng th&#7921;c b&#7903;i nh&#7919;ng nh&agrave; T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c ng&agrave;y nay. Trong &#273;&oacute; n&#7893;i b&#7853;t nh&#7845;t ph&#7843;i k&#7875; &#273;&#7871;n Ph&#7853;t gi&aacute;o, khi m&agrave; c&aacute;c gi&aacute;o l&yacute; &#273;&#7873;u xoay quanh &ldquo;b&#7843;n ng&atilde;&rdquo; hay c&aacute;i t&ocirc;i. Tri&#7871;t l&yacute; c&#7911;a Ph&#7853;t gi&aacute;o c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n c&aacute;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; c&#7911;a T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y nh&#432; ti&#7873;m th&#7913;c, s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n t&acirc;m l&yacute; c&aacute; nh&acirc;n hay c&#7843;i thi&#7879;n b&#7843;n th&acirc;n.2. Kh&#7903;i nguy&ecirc;n c&#7911;a T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;cTuy nhi&ecirc;n, &#273;i&#7873;u ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p &#7903; &#273;&#7883;nh ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c, v&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&oacute; khi&#7871;n vi&#7879;c x&aacute;c &#273;&#7883;nh &#273;i&#7875;m b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u c&#7911;a T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c kh&oacute; kh&#259;n h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u. S&#7921; th&#7921;c l&agrave; c&#259;n c&#7913; theo &#273;&#7883;nh ngh&#297;a v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng l&#297;nh v&#7921;c c&#7909; th&#7875; &#273;ang &#273;&#432;&#7907;c T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u,&nbsp; &#273;&atilde; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; c&aacute;c suy nghi&#7879;m, m&agrave; c&ograve;n c&oacute; c&aacute;c quan s&aacute;t, gi&#7843;i ph&#7851;u v&agrave; th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&#7843; th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m &#7903; nhi&#7873;u n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a kh&aacute;c trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917;, trong &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a c&ograve;n l&acirc;u &#273;&#7901;i h&#417;n Hy L&#7841;p &#273;&#7871;n c&#7843; thi&ecirc;n ni&ecirc;n k&#7927;.V&#259;n b&#7843;n c&#7893; x&#432;a nh&#7845;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n c&oacute; ni&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;i t&#7915; kho&#7843;ng n&#259;m 1500 tr&#432;&#7899;c CN, v&agrave;o th&#7901;i Ai C&#7853;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i c&oacute; t&ecirc;n l&agrave; Ebers Papyrus. D&ugrave; v&#7873; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t l&agrave; m&#7897;t t&agrave;i li&#7879;u Y h&#7885;c, n&oacute; c&#361;ng c&oacute; ch&#7913;a nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng ch&#7913;ng b&#7879;nh li&ecirc;n quan&nbsp; &#273;&#7871;n T&acirc;m l&yacute; nh&#432; ch&#7913;ng m&#7845;t tr&iacute; nh&#7899; hay tr&#7847;m c&#7843;m. &#272;&#7871;n kho&#7843;ng n&#259;m 700 tr&#432;&#7899;c CN, Pharaoh Psamtik I &#273;&atilde; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c bi&#7871;t &#273;&#7871;n th&#7921;c h&agrave;nh m&#7897;t th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m v&#7873; t&acirc;m l&yacute;. &#272;&#7875; t&igrave;m hi&#7875;u ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a ng&ocirc;n ng&#7919;, &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;a 2 &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; m&#7899;i sinh cho m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&#259;n c&#7915;u, ng&#432;&#7901;i m&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ra l&#7879;nh kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c n&oacute;i chuy&#7879;n v&#7899;i ch&uacute;ng, &#273;&#7875; ch&#259;m s&oacute;c v&agrave; ghi l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng t&#7915; &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n m&agrave; b&#7885;n tr&#7867; n&oacute;i. V&agrave; t&#7915; &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7885;n tr&#7867; th&#7889;t ra c&oacute; th&#7875; ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; ng&ocirc;n ng&#7919; c&#7893; x&#432;a nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a lo&agrave;i ng&#432;&#7901;i.Ngo&agrave;i Ai C&#7853;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i, c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; m&#7897;t s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c &#273;&atilde; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n nh&#7919;ng th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m t&acirc;m l&yacute;, trong &#273;&oacute; n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng nh&#7845;t l&agrave; th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m c&#7911;a Lin Xie v&agrave;o th&#7871; k&#7881; th&#7913; 6 &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c. Trong th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m &#273;&oacute;, &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7917; d&#7909;ng m&#7897;t tay &#273;&#7875; v&#7869; m&#7897;t h&igrave;nh vu&ocirc;ng, trong khi tay c&ograve;n l&#7841;i v&#7869; h&igrave;nh tr&ograve;n. Th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng cho m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c.&nbsp;Nh&#7919;ng b&aacute;c s&#297; H&#7891;i gi&aacute;o th&#7901;i Trung c&#7893; c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n nh&#7919;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng th&#7913;c &#273;&#7875; ch&#7919;a l&agrave;nh nh&#7919;ng "b&#7879;nh c&#7911;a t&acirc;m tr&iacute;". Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi (850 - 934) &#273;&atilde; nh&#7853;n ra v&agrave; th&#7843;o lu&#7853;n v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e t&acirc;m l&yacute; nh&#432; tr&#7847;m c&#7843;m, v&agrave; &#273;&#7873; ra 2 ph&#432;&#417;ng th&#7913;c ch&#7919;a tr&#7883; d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n g&acirc;y b&#7879;nh: b&#7857;ng c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p t&acirc;m l&yacute; ho&#7863;c thu&#7889;c. Nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c Ibn al-Haytham c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n nhi&#7873;u th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m v&#7873; nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c h&igrave;nh &#7843;nh (th&#7883; gi&aacute;c) v&agrave; nhi&#7873;u gi&aacute;c quan kh&aacute;c. Nh&#7919;ng th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m bao g&#7891;m c&#7843;m nh&#7853;n b&#7857;ng x&uacute;c gi&aacute;c, nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c v&#7873; m&agrave;u s&#7855;c, nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c v&#7873; b&oacute;ng t&#7889;i, gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng &#7843;o gi&aacute;c M&#7863;t Tr&#259;ng b&#7857;ng t&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c, g&oacute;c nh&igrave;n b&#7857;ng 2 m&#7855;t (binocular vision) v&agrave; c&#7843; th&#7901;i gian ph&#7843;n x&#7841;. Nhi&#7873;u nh&agrave; t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng kh&aacute;c c&#7911;a H&#7891;i gi&aacute;o th&#7901;i b&#7845;y gi&#7901; c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; b&agrave;n v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; v&#7851;n &#273;ang &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u nh&#432; gi&#7845;c m&#417;, tr&#7883; li&#7879;u t&acirc;m l&yacute;, t&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c x&atilde; h&#7897;i v&agrave; &yacute; th&#7913;c, gi&#7843;i ph&#7851;u th&#7847;n kinh, b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t v&agrave; gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c (nature vs nurture),...&nbsp;3. K&#7871;tV&#7853;y l&agrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y nh&#7919;ng suy ngh&#297; c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7873; ch&iacute;nh t&acirc;m tr&iacute; &#273;&atilde; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n t&#7915; r&#7845;t l&acirc;u, l&acirc;u h&#417;n r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u so v&#7899;i nhi&#7873;u ng&agrave;nh khoa h&#7885;c kh&aacute;c v&agrave; th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&oacute; l&#7869; c&ograve;n l&acirc;u h&#417;n nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ghi ch&eacute;p hay l&#432;u tr&#7919;. T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng v&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n tr&ecirc;n n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng Tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c c&#7911;a T&acirc;m tr&iacute; t&#7915; th&#7901;i Hy L&#7841;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i, ch&#7883;u &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t b&#7903;i Aristotle. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, s&#7921; th&#7921;c th&igrave; nhi&#7873;u kh&iacute;a c&#7841;nh kh&aacute;c nhau c&#7911;a t&acirc;m tr&iacute; con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nhi&#7873;u n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a kh&aacute;c nhau, &#7903; nhi&#7873;u th&#7901;i k&#7923; kh&aacute;c nhau t&igrave;m hi&#7875;u v&agrave; kh&aacute;i th&aacute;c. Nh&#7919;ng tri&#7871;t l&yacute;, nh&#7919;ng quan s&aacute;t v&agrave; th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n b&#7903;i nhi&#7873;u nh&agrave; t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng tr&ecirc;n kh&#7855;p th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, t&#7915; Ai C&#7853;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#7871;n Trung Qu&#7889;c phong ki&#7871;n, &#273;&#7871;n c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng n&#432;&#7899;c H&#7891;i gi&aacute;o. C&oacute; th&#7875; n&oacute;i con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; lu&ocirc;n kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7915;ng t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m c&acirc;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i cho c&ocirc;ng c&#7909; tuy&#7879;t v&#7901;i nh&#7845;t m&agrave; thi&ecirc;n nhi&ecirc;n &#273;&atilde; t&#7841;o ra: T&acirc;m tr&iacute;.L&yacute; do, c&oacute; l&#7869;, l&agrave; &#7903; vi&#7879;c tr&#432;&#7899;c khi con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7911; th&ocirc;ng minh v&agrave; t&ograve; m&ograve; &#273;&#7875; suy ngh&#297; &#273;&#7871;n b&#7845;t c&#7913; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; g&igrave;, ch&uacute;ng ta v&#7851;n lu&ocirc;n l&agrave; m&#7897;t sinh v&#7853;t s&#7889;ng tr&ecirc;n Tr&aacute;i &#272;&#7845;t, li&ecirc;n t&#7909;c t&#432;&#417;ng t&aacute;c v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng sinh v&#7853;t kh&aacute;c c&#7843; ngo&agrave;i m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&agrave; trong b&#7847;y &#273;&agrave;n, th&#7883; t&#7897;c hay b&#7897; l&#7841;c. Nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng lo&agrave;i kh&aacute;c, ch&#7885;n l&#7885;c t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n &#273;&atilde; lu&ocirc;n &#432;u ti&ecirc;n nh&#7919;ng c&aacute; th&#7875; c&oacute; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng ph&aacute;n &#273;o&aacute;n c&#7843;m x&uacute;c, h&agrave;nh vi v&agrave; suy ngh&#297; c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng c&aacute; th&#7875; c&ograve;n l&#7841;i. V&agrave; khi s&#7921; t&ograve; m&ograve; v&agrave; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng t&#432; duy c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n, nh&#7919;ng n&#259;ng l&#7921;c ph&aacute;n &#273;o&aacute;n &#273;&oacute; d&#7847;n h&#432;&#7899;ng s&acirc;u h&#417;n v&agrave;o b&ecirc;n trong m&#7895;i c&aacute; th&#7875;, c&aacute;ch ch&uacute;ng ta ti&#7871;p nh&#7853;n, x&#7917; l&yacute; v&agrave; ph&#7843;n h&#7891;i nh&#7919;ng th&ocirc;ng tin, c&#361;ng nh&#432; l&agrave; s&#7921; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a n&oacute; &#273;&#7871;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i b&ecirc;n trong &#7845;y. V&agrave; ai m&agrave; bi&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c trong &#273;&oacute; r&#7897;ng l&#7899;n &#273;&#7871;n nh&#432;&#7901;ng n&agrave;o.C&aacute;c b&#7841;n c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng b&agrave;i tr&#7855;c nghi&#7879;m &#273;&#7875; th&#7845;u hi&#7875;u th&ecirc;m b&#7843;n th&acirc;n m&igrave;nh <a href="https://youth.com.vn/my-jh">t&#7841;i &#273;&acirc;y</a> c&ugrave;ng Youth+ nh&eacute;!Ngu&#7891;n tham kh&#7843;o:<a href="https://study.com/academy/lesson/psychology-in-ancient-history-major-developments-contributions.html">https://study.com/academy/lesson/psychology-in-ancient-history-major-developments-contributions.html</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psamtik_I#Discovering_the_origin_of_language_(Hypothesis)">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psamtik_I#Discovering_the_origin_of_language_(Hypothesis)</a><a href="https://explorable.com/aristotles-psychology">https://explorable.com/aristotles-psychology</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_psychology">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_psychology</a>[T&ecirc;n t&aacute;c gi&#7843;: the Other Guy- Follow Facebook PsychoHub &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7885;c c&aacute;c b&agrave;i kh&aacute;c- Khi chia s&#7867;, c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i tr&iacute;ch "Ngu&#7891;n: PsychoHub - Youth+"]</body></html>

Hoang Minh Vu

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