[PSYCHOHUB] LẦM TƯỞNG VÀ THỰC TẾ VỀ VẤN ĐỀ TỰ SÁT

[PSYCHOHUB] BYSTANDER EFFECT: BÀNG QUAN TRƯỚC MỌI TÌNH HUỐNG NƠI ĐÔNG NGƯỜI

[PSYCHOHUB] MANDELA EFFECT: KHOẢNH KHẮC SỰ THẬT PHƠI BÀY

PSYCHOHUB THUỘC TỔ CHỨC YOUTH+ COMMUNITY THÔNG BÁO TUYỂN THÀNH VIÊN GEN 3.0

GENDER IDENTITY - TR&#7866; H&Igrave;NH TH&Agrave;NH B&#7842;N D&#7840;NG GI&#7898;I NH&#431; TH&#7870; N&Agrave;O? (PART 2)Nh&#432; &#273;&atilde; n&oacute;i &#7903; ph&#7847;n tr&#432;&#7899;c, d&#432;&#7899;i g&oacute;c nh&igrave;n thuy&#7871;t h&#7885;c t&#7853;p x&atilde; h&#7897;i, tr&#7867; kh&ocirc;ng ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n b&#7883; &#273;&#7897;ng m&agrave; ti&#7871;p nh&#7853;n c&oacute; ch&#7885;n l&#7885;c, ch&#7911; &#273;&#7897;ng trang b&#7883; cho b&#7843;n th&acirc;n m&#7897;t s&#7889; hi&#7875;u bi&#7871;t &#273;&#7863;c tr&#432;ng v&#7873; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh. Ch&iacute;nh v&igrave; v&#7853;y, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n kh&aacute;c v&#7873; &yacute; th&#7913;c gi&#7899;i B. COGNITIVE THEORY (Thuy&#7871;t ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c)&#128204; Cognitive- developmental theory: m&#7897;t l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#432;a ra b&#7903;i Kohlberg, cho r&#7857;ng vi&#7879;c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n b&#7843;n d&#7841;ng gi&#7899;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n ba giai &#273;o&#7841;n nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c, l&agrave; c&#417; s&#7903; quan tr&#7885;ng trong h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh hi&#7875;u bi&#7871;t v&#7873; gi&#7899;i bao g&#7891;m: g&#7885;i t&ecirc;n gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh (gender labeling), &#273;&#7883;nh h&igrave;nh vai tr&ograve; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh (gender stability)&nbsp; v&agrave; b&#7845;t bi&#7871;n gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh (gender constancy) [1]. Kohlberg cho r&#7857;ng kh&iacute;a c&#7841;nh quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n b&#7843;n d&#7841;ng gi&#7899;i (gender identity) l&agrave; s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c c&#7911;a &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867;. C&aacute;ch ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng ch&#7911; y&#7871;u d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a Piaget, cho r&#7857;ng s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c v&#7873; gi&#7899;i c&#7911;a tr&#7867; l&agrave; m&#7897;t qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh mang t&iacute;nh x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng ki&#7871;n th&#7913;c v&#7873; gi&#7899;i trong x&atilde; h&#7897;i. Nh&#432;ng nh&#7919;ng ki&#7871;n th&#7913;c &#273;&oacute; v&#7873; b&#7843;n d&#7841;ng gi&#7899;i &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; &#273;&acirc;u? Theo Kohlberg, ki&#7871;n &#8203;&#8203;th&#7913;c v&#7873; vai tr&ograve; gi&#7899;i c&oacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7911;a tr&#7867; v&#7899;i th&#7871; gi&#7899;i xung quanh - m&#7897;t qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh m&agrave; &ocirc;ng g&#7885;i l&agrave; 't&#7921; x&atilde; h&#7897;i h&oacute;a&rdquo;- t&#7921; b&#7843;n th&acirc;n ti&#7871;p nh&#7853;n v&agrave; bi&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng th&ocirc;ng tin tr&#7867; ti&#7871;p thu &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7915; m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng xung quanh th&agrave;nh s&#7921; nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c, ki&#7871;n th&#7913;c ri&ecirc;ng c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh. &#128204; Thuy&#7871;t nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c c&#7911;a Kohlberg ch&#7881; ra qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh t&#7921; x&atilde; h&#7897;i h&oacute;a b&#7843;n d&#7841;ng gi&#7899;i c&#7911;a tr&#7867; m&#7851;u gi&aacute;o ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n d&#7847;n qua ba giai &#273;o&#7841;n, m&#7895;i giai &#273;o&#7841;n l&#7841;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7863;c tr&#432;ng b&#7903;i m&#7897;t k&#7929; n&#259;ng nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c ch&iacute;nh [2] &#10024; Gender labelling (g&#7885;i t&ecirc;n gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh): 2-3 tu&#7893;i&#7902; giai &#273;o&#7841;n n&agrave;y, tr&#7867; &#273;&atilde; bi&#7871;t b&#7843;n th&acirc;n l&agrave; nam hay n&#7919;, c&#361;ng nh&#432; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n ch&uacute;ng ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n ch&#432;a hi&#7875;u &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; thay &#273;&#7893;i theo th&#7901;i gian, n&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng gi&#7889;ng v&#7899;i &#273;&#7897; d&agrave;i c&#7911;a t&oacute;c hay nh&#7919;ng trang ph&#7909;c ch&uacute;ng &#273;ang m&#7863;c. B&#7903;i v&#7853;y khi thay &#273;&#7893;i nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m n&#7893;i b&#7853;t c&#7911;a v&#7867; b&#7873; ngo&agrave;i, tr&#7867; d&#7877; b&#7883; nh&#7847;m l&#7851;n b&#7903;i gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh sinh h&#7885;c c&#7911;a &#273;&#7889;i ph&#432;&#417;ng&#10024; Gender stability (&#273;&#7883;nh h&igrave;nh vai tr&ograve; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh): 3-4,5 tu&#7893;i&#272;&#7871;n giai &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;&#7883;nh h&igrave;nh, tr&#7867; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u nh&#7853;n ra t&#432;&#417;ng lai s&#7869; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh nh&#7919;ng &ocirc;ng b&#7889;, n&#7871;u ch&uacute;ng l&agrave; con trai, v&agrave; t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; b&eacute; g&aacute;i s&#7869; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh nh&#7919;ng b&agrave; m&#7865;. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, ch&uacute;ng ch&#432;a nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c s&acirc;u s&#7855;c gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; thay &#273;&#7893;i ch&#7881; d&#7921;a v&agrave;o ngo&#7841;i h&igrave;nh v&agrave; s&#7921; l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng.&#10024; Gender constancy (b&#7845;t bi&#7871;n gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh): 5 - 6,7 tu&#7893;iSang giai &#273;o&#7841;n n&agrave;y, tr&#7867; &#273;&atilde; nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c r&otilde; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh t&#7891;n t&#7841;i b&#7873;n v&#7919;ng &#7903; m&#7885;i th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m. M&#7897;t khi nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y, ch&uacute;ng s&#7869; h&agrave;nh x&#7917; theo nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c k&igrave; v&#7885;ng &#7903; gi&#7899;i c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng. V&agrave; theo Kohlberg, &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; giai &#273;o&#7841;n th&#7875; hi&#7879;n r&otilde; nh&#7845;t nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c x&atilde; h&#7897;i c&#7911;a tr&#7867; v&#7873; gi&#7899;i&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/nbaQEHr0qOdiR0zOeowYa_YfZt2ZrzihEykqH4TtoO7DdFc7_orcUerxjAQFKYMsZhSvNY07ypQXf8dbjbD7ddR2SEp9eG0XmHDJqsVy-M5YT0g6_tfbtcpZ-C1xeXi5pVBfwPeR" height="293" width="602"> &#128204; Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;uM&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7875; &#7911;ng h&#7897; cho h&#7885;c thuy&#7871;t n&agrave;y l&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&#7911;a Slaby v&agrave; Frey (1975) ki&#7875;m tra hi&#7875;u bi&#7871;t v&#7873; gi&#7899;i c&#7911;a tr&#7867; b&#7857;ng m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n v&#7873; kh&aacute;i ni&#7879;m gi&#7899;i (Gender Concept Interview). H&#7885; &#273;&atilde; kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t 55 &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; t&#7915; hai &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m tu&#7893;i v&agrave; h&#7887;i ch&uacute;ng 14 c&acirc;u h&#7887;i (m&#7895;i c&acirc;u &#273;&#7841;i di&#7879;n cho t&#7915;ng giai &#273;o&#7841;n kh&aacute;c nhau), v&iacute; d&#7909; nh&#432;:<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">&#272;&acirc;y l&agrave; con g&aacute;i hay con trai? (cho xem m&#7897;t h&igrave;nh &#7843;nh)</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Ch&aacute;u l&agrave; con trai hay con g&aacute;i?</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Khi ch&aacute;u l&agrave; m&#7897;t em b&eacute;, ch&aacute;u l&agrave; con g&aacute;i hay con trai?</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Khi ch&aacute;u l&#7899;n l&ecirc;n, ch&aacute;u s&#7869; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh m&#7865; hay b&#7889;?</li><li class="ql-align-justify">N&#7871;u ch&aacute;u m&#7863;c &#273;&#7891; c&#7911;a con g&aacute;i, ch&aacute;u c&oacute; ph&#7843;i l&agrave; con g&aacute;i kh&ocirc;ng?</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Ch&aacute;u c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave; con trai n&#7871;u ch&aacute;u mu&#7889;n kh&ocirc;ng</li></ul>Sau &#273;&oacute;, c&aacute;c nh&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u cho nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; xem m&#7897;t b&#7897; phim v&agrave; ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh &#273;o m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; t&#7853;p trung c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng v&agrave;o nh&acirc;n v&#7853;t nam hay nh&acirc;n v&#7853;t n&#7919;. H&#7885; ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n ra tr&#7867; v&#7899;i m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; b&#7845;t bi&#7871;n gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh m&#7841;nh m&#7869; h&#417;n c&oacute; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng ch&uacute; &yacute; &#273;&#7871;n h&igrave;nh m&#7851;u c&ugrave;ng gi&#7899;i nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n. &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y g&oacute;p ph&#7847;n c&#7911;ng c&#7889; cho h&#7885;c thuy&#7871;t c&#7911;a Kohlberg.&nbsp;Nh&#432;ng nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u sau n&agrave;y v&#7873; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh gi&uacute;p tr&#7867; em t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m th&ocirc;ng tin ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i gi&#7899;i c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, nh&#432;ng n&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&uacute;c n&agrave;o c&#361;ng c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t. C&aacute;c khuynh h&#432;&#7899;ng h&igrave;nh m&#7851;u &#8203;&#8203;v&#7873; gi&#7899;i (ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; &#432;a th&iacute;ch b&#7841;n &#273;&#7891;ng gi&#7899;i &#7903; v&iacute; d&#7909; c&#7911;a Slaby v&agrave; Frey (1975)) c&oacute; th&#7875; c&oacute; &#7903; l&#7913;a tu&#7893;i m&#7847;m non (2-5t) - tr&#432;&#7899;c khi b&#432;&#7899;c v&agrave;o giai &#273;o&#7841;n b&#7845;t bi&#7871;n gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh. Do &#273;&oacute;, ch&#7881; c&#7847;n bi&#7871;t gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh c&#7911;a ch&iacute;nh m&igrave;nh v&agrave; c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c (giai &#273;o&#7841;n g&#7885;i t&ecirc;n gi&#7899;i) l&agrave; &#273;&#7911; &#273;&#7875; x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng v&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n l&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7891; gi&#7899;i, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n th&ecirc;m v&#7873; b&#7843;n d&#7841;ng gi&#7899;i v&agrave; khu&ocirc;n m&#7851;u gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh &#8203;&#8203;d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n c&#417; s&#7903; ki&#7871;n &#8203;&#8203;th&#7913;c n&agrave;y.&nbsp;Nh&#432; v&#7853;y, Kohlberg th&#7915;a nh&#7853;n kh&iacute;a c&#7841;nh quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n gi&#7899;i kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; c&aacute;c b&#7843;n n&#259;ng sinh h&#7885;c hay quy chu&#7849;n x&atilde; h&#7897;i, m&agrave; ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c v&#7873; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i x&atilde; h&#7897;i xung quanh ch&uacute;ng. N&oacute;i theo c&aacute;ch kh&aacute;c, n&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&agrave;o vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c kh&iacute;ch l&#7879; h&agrave;nh x&#7917; theo nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c k&#7923; v&#7885;ng th&#7845;y khi ch&uacute;ng l&agrave; con trai hay con g&aacute;i.Thay v&agrave;o &#273;&oacute;, ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n b&#7843;n d&#7841;ng gi&#7899;i ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&agrave;o c&#7843;m gi&aacute;c ch&uacute;ng l&agrave; nam hay n&#7919;, th&#7913; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh trong nh&#7919;ng giai &#273;o&#7841;n ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c. V&agrave;, nh&#7919;ng giai &#273;o&#7841;n n&agrave;y song h&agrave;nh v&#7899;i h&#7885;c thuy&#7871;t c&#7911;a Piaget v&#7873; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c &#7903; tr&#7867; em.M&#7863;c d&ugrave; &#7903; giai &#273;o&#7841;n b&#7845;t bi&#7871;n gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh c&oacute; n&oacute;i &#273;&#7871;n: gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh sinh h&#7885;c l&agrave; c&#7889; &#273;&#7883;nh v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; thay &#273;&#7893;i qua th&#7901;i gian, nh&#432;ng gi&#7901; &#273;&acirc;y ch&uacute;ng ta bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng ch&uacute;ng ta n&ecirc;n c&oacute; m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i v&#7873; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh (sex) v&agrave; gi&#7899;i (gender) r&#7897;ng h&#417;n l&agrave; l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7873; xu&#7845;t. B&ecirc;n c&#7841;nh &#273;&oacute;, tr&#7867; em lu&ocirc;n lu&ocirc;n n&ecirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&#7841;y r&#7857;ng ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n b&#7843;n th&acirc;n l&agrave; quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t ch&#7913; kh&ocirc;ng n&ecirc;n s&#7889;ng theo nh&#7919;ng khu&ocirc;n m&#7851;u gi&#7899;i l&acirc;u &#273;&#7901;i &#7903; th&#7901;i k&#7923; tr&#432;&#7899;c.Ngu&#7891;n tham kh&#7843;o:[1] Gillibrand, R., Lam, V., &amp; O&rsquo;Donnell, V. L. (2016). DevelopmentalPsychology. Pearson Education.[2] Understanding How Children Learn About Gender. (2020, December 10). Verywell Mind. <a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/an-overview-of-gender-constancy-4688620" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(17, 85, 204);">https://www.verywellmind.com/an-overview-of-gender-constancy-4688620</a>______________________________________PsychoHub - D&#7921; &aacute;n T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c thu&#7897;c Youth+ CommunityFanpage: https://www.facebook.com/PsychoHub.Project/Email: youth.psychohub@gmail.com <img src="//:0">

PsychoHub

GENDER IDENTITY - TRẺ HÌNH THÀNH BẢN DẠNG GIỚI NHƯ THẾ NÀO? (PART 2)Như đã nói ở phần trước, dưới góc nhìn thuyết học tập xã hội, trẻ không hoàn 

[PSYCHOHUB] GENDER IDENTITY - TRẺ HÌNH THÀNH BẢN DẠNG GIỚI NHƯ THẾ NÀO? (PART 2)

[HN] Hệ Thống Trung Tâm Tiếng Anh MaySchool Hanoi Tuyển Dụng Giáo Viên Tiếng Anh Part-time 2022

KOL LÀ AI? TẠI SAO HỌ ĐƯỢC SĂN ĐÓN

[HCM] Ứng Dụng Học Nói Tiếng Anh ELSA Speak Tuyển Dụng Thực Tập Sinh B2B Marketing Part-time/Full-time

KHÁM PHÁ THẾ GIỚI SÁCH CÙNG YOUTH+ BOOK: MỖI CUỐN SÁCH BẠN CẦM LÀ MỘT HÀNH TRÌNH TRÊN TAY