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PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTANCE&nbsp; - T&Acirc;M L&Yacute; PH&#7842;N KH&Aacute;NG&nbsp;Ta&#803;i sao ta lu&ocirc;n ghe&#769;t vi&ecirc;&#803;c bi&#803; ng&#432;&#417;&#768;i kha&#769;c sai ba&#777;o, e&#769;p bu&ocirc;&#803;c? &#128204; Thuy&#7871;t ph&#7843;n kh&aacute;ng l&agrave; g&igrave; (Reactance Theory)? La&#768; m&ocirc;&#803;t ki&ecirc;&#777;u m&acirc;&#771;u cho vi&ecirc;&#803;c pha&#777;n h&ocirc;&#768;i la&#803;i m&ocirc;&#803;t m&ocirc;&#769;i &#273;e doa&#803; hay co&#769; th&ecirc;&#777; la&#768; m&acirc;&#769;t t&#432;&#803; do trong ha&#768;nh vi, m&ocirc;&#803;t c&#417; ch&ecirc;&#769; &#273;&#432;&#417;&#803;c ta&#803;o n&ecirc;n b&#417;&#777;i s&#432;&#803; ki&ecirc;&#803;t qu&ecirc;&#803;, lo &acirc;u, tr&#417;&#777; nga&#803;i va&#768; la&#768; s&#432;&#803; khao kha&#769;t &#273;&#432;&#417;&#803;c kh&ocirc;i phu&#803;c la&#803;i s&#432;&#803; t&#432;&#803; do &#273;o&#769;. Theo ki&ecirc;&#777;u m&acirc;&#771;u na&#768;y, khi m&ocirc;&#803;t ng&#432;&#417;&#768;i bi&#803; e&#769;p bu&ocirc;&#803;c ha&#768;nh vi nh&acirc;&#769;t &#273;i&#803;nh, ho&#803; co&#769; xu h&#432;&#417;&#769;ng pha&#777;n la&#803;i s&#432;&#803; e&#769;p bu&ocirc;&#803;c &#273;o&#769;, th&#432;&#417;&#768;ng th&ecirc;&#777; hi&ecirc;&#803;n s&#432;&#803; y&ecirc;u thi&#769;ch nga&#768;y ca&#768;ng t&#259;ng &#273;&ocirc;&#769;i v&#417;&#769;i ha&#768;nh &#273;&ocirc;&#803;ng bi&#803; &#273;e&#768; ne&#769;n va&#768; th&#432;&#417;&#768;ng ha&#768;nh &#273;&ocirc;&#803;ng ng&#432;&#417;&#803;c la&#803;i v&#417;&#769;i ha&#768;nh vi &#273;&#432;&#417;&#803;c y&ecirc;u c&acirc;&#768;u. [1]&nbsp; &#128204; Bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n nh&#432; th&#7871; n&agrave;o? Trong m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c th&#7917; nghi&#7879;m, c&aacute;c nh&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7863;t m&#7897;t trong hai bi&#7875;n hi&#7879;u trong nha&#768; v&ecirc;&#803; sinh cu&#777;a khu&ocirc;n vi&ecirc;n m&ocirc;&#803;t tr&#432;&#417;&#768;ng cao &#273;&#259;&#777;ng nh&#259;&#768;m giu&#769;p ha&#803;n ch&ecirc;&#769; nh&#432;&#771;ng hi&#768;nh ve&#771; tr&ecirc;n t&#432;&#417;&#768;ng (theo Pennebaker va&#768; Sanders, n&#259;m 1976). M&ocirc;&#803;t bi&ecirc;&#777;n ghi &ldquo;Tuy&ecirc;&#803;t &#273;&ocirc;&#769;i kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;&#803;c vi&ecirc;&#769;t l&ecirc;n t&#432;&#417;&#768;ng&rdquo; va&#768; bi&ecirc;&#777;n co&#768;n la&#803;i v&#417;&#769;i tha&#769;i &#273;&ocirc;&#803; &ocirc;n hoa&#768; h&#417;n &ldquo;Xin &#273;&#432;&#768;ng vi&ecirc;&#769;t l&ecirc;n t&#432;&#417;&#768;ng&rdquo;. Ca&#769;c nha&#768; nghi&ecirc;n c&#432;&#769;u tr&#417;&#777; la&#803;i sau 2 tu&acirc;&#768;n va&#768; quan sa&#769;t ti&#768;nh tra&#803;ng ve&#771; tr&ecirc;n t&#432;&#417;&#768;ng sau khi ho&#803; &#273;&ecirc;&#777; bi&ecirc;&#777;n hi&ecirc;&#803;u. &#272;u&#769;ng nh&#432; d&#432;&#803; &#273;oa&#769;n, co&#769; nhi&ecirc;&#768;u ng&#432;&#417;&#768;i ve&#771; b&acirc;&#803;y trong pho&#768;ng t&#259;&#769;m h&#417;n khi da&#769;n bi&ecirc;&#777;n &ldquo;Tuy&ecirc;&#803;t &#273;&ocirc;&#769;i kh&ocirc;ng&hellip;&rdquo; so v&#417;&#769;i bi&ecirc;&#777;n &ldquo;Xin &#273;&#432;&#768;ng&hellip;&rdquo;. T&#432;&#417;ng t&#432;&#803; v&acirc;&#803;y, ng&#432;&#417;&#768;i ma&#768; nh&acirc;&#803;n &#273;&#432;&#417;&#803;c s&#432;&#803; khi&ecirc;&#777;n tra&#769;ch ma&#803;nh me&#771; v&ecirc;&#768; hu&#769;t thu&ocirc;&#769;c, du&#768;ng thu&ocirc;&#769;c, xo&#777; l&ocirc;&#771; mu&#771;i se&#771; ca&#768;ng mu&ocirc;&#769;n th&#432;&#803;c hi&ecirc;&#803;n ha&#768;nh vi &#273;o&#769; &#273;&ecirc;&#777; kh&ocirc;i phu&#803;c la&#803;i s&#432;&#803; t&#432;&#803; do va&#768; t&#432;&#803; chu&#777; cu&#777;a mi&#768;nh (theo Erge, Hurn va&#768; Steed, n&#259;m 2011). B&ecirc;n ca&#803;nh &#273;o&#769;, nghi&ecirc;n c&#432;&#769;u g&acirc;&#768;n &#273;&acirc;y cho th&acirc;&#769;y m&ocirc;&#803;t s&ocirc;&#769; nh&acirc;n vi&ecirc;n di&#803;ch vu&#803; thuy&ecirc;&#769;t phu&#803;c kha&#769;ch ha&#768;ng ch&acirc;&#769;m cho ho&#803; &#273;a&#769;nh gia&#769; t&ocirc;&#769;t tr&ecirc;n kha&#777;o sa&#769;t la&#803;i nh&acirc;&#803;n &#273;&#432;&#417;&#803;c m&#432;&#769;c &#273;a&#769;nh gia&#769; th&acirc;&#769;p (theo Jones, Taylor va&#768; Reynolds, n&#259;m 2014). [2] &#128204; M&#7889;i li&ecirc;n h&#7879; gi&#7919;a s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a tr&#7867; v&agrave; t&acirc;m l&yacute; ph&#7843;n kh&aacute;ng. S&#7921; ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t c&#7911;a cha m&#7865; mang y&#769; nghi&#771;a &#273;a chi&ecirc;&#768;u, m&#7897;t s&#7889; c&oacute; th&#7875; g&acirc;y ha&#803;i cho tr&#7867;, bao g&#7891;m vi&ecirc;&#803;c ta&#803;o ra s&#432;&#803; &#273;e&#768; ne&#769;n t&acirc;m l&yacute;, &aacute;p l&#7921;c, &eacute;p bu&#7897;c ho&#7863;c x&acirc;m nh&#7853;p &#417;&#777; tre&#777;. &#272;i&#7873;u quan tr&#7885;ng l&agrave; ph&#7843;i hi&#7875;u r&#259;&#768;ng quy&#7873;n c&#7911;a cha m&#7865; c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n v&igrave; m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch t&iacute;ch c&#7921;c nh&#432; th&#7871; n&agrave;o, thay v&igrave; ti&ecirc;u c&#7921;c, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&agrave; v&#7899;i thanh thi&#7871;u ni&ecirc;n - mu&ocirc;&#769;n co&#769; s&#432;&#803; t&#7921; do v&agrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng l&#7841;i s&#7921; ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t b&#417;&#777;i - ki&#769;ch hoa&#803;t t&acirc;m ly&#769; pha&#777;n kha&#769;ng. [3] Nh&#7919;ng k&#7871;t qu&#7843; n&agrave;y nh&#7845;t qu&aacute;n &#7903; &#273;&#7897; tu&#7893;i v&#7883; th&agrave;nh ni&ecirc;n, gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh, c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng v&agrave; c&aacute;c chi&ecirc;&#768;u h&#432;&#417;&#769;ng kh&aacute;c &#417;&#777; ph&#7909; huynh. &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y c&oacute; ngh&#297;a l&agrave; ki&ecirc;&#777;u ki&ecirc;&#769;m soa&#769;t th&#432;&#417;&#768;ng xuy&ecirc;n c&#7911;a ca&#769;c b&acirc;&#803;c phu&#803; huynh se&#771; d&acirc;&#768;n hi&#768;nh tha&#768;nh &aacute;p l&#7921;c l&ecirc;n thanh thi&#7871;u ni&ecirc;n. H&#417;n n&#7919;a, ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng c&#361;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n c&oacute; li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n c&aacute;c h&agrave;nh vi bi&ecirc;&#777;u l&ocirc;&#803; ra ngoa&#768;i, nh&#432; c&aacute;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; v&ecirc;&#768; s&#432;&#803; ch&uacute; &yacute;, g&acirc;y h&#7845;n, hi&#7871;u &#273;&#7897;ng th&aacute;i qu&aacute;, c&#361;ng nh&#432; c&aacute;c h&agrave;nh vi n&#7897;i t&acirc;m h&oacute;a, nh&#432; thu m&igrave;nh l&#7841;i v&#7899;i x&atilde; h&#7897;i, lo &acirc;u v&agrave; tr&#7847;m c&#7843;m. [4] M&#7897;t ca&#769;ch ki&ecirc;&#777;m soa&#769;t thu&#769;c &#273;&acirc;&#777;y h&#417;n cho s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n l&agrave;nh m&#7841;nh c&#7911;a tr&#7867; l&agrave; u&#777;ng h&ocirc;&#803; quy&ecirc;&#768;n t&#432;&#803; chu&#777;, b&#259;&#768;ng vi&ecirc;&#803;c &#273;&ecirc;&#777; tr&#7867; em t&#432;&#803; &#273;&#432;a ra quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh cho ch&iacute;nh m&igrave;nh, nh&#432;ng cu&#771;ng &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i c&oacute; s&#7921; h&#7895; tr&#7907; t&#432;&#768; cha m&#7865;. [5] &#128204; &#7842;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng ti&ecirc;u c&#7921;c v&agrave; t&iacute;ch c&#7921;c &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng nh&#432; th&#7871; n&agrave;o? Ti&#769;ch c&#432;&#803;c: La&#768; c&#417; ch&ecirc;&#769; cho chu&#769;ng ta ba&#777;o v&ecirc;&#803; va&#768; gi&#768;n gi&#432;&#771; s&#432;&#803; t&#432;&#803; do cu&#777;a chi&#769;nh mi&#768;nh. &#272;&acirc;&#769;u tranh cho ni&ecirc;&#768;m tin va&#768; quy&ecirc;&#768;n quy&ecirc;&#769;t &#273;i&#803;nh, n&#259;&#769;m l&acirc;&#769;y d&acirc;y c&#432;&#417;ng cu&#777;a cu&ocirc;&#803;c &#273;&#417;&#768;i mi&#768;nh cu&#771;ng nh&#432; gi&#432;&#771; gi&#768;n ba&#777;n s&#259;&#769;c cu&#777;a ba&#777;n th&acirc;n. B&ecirc;n ca&#803;nh &#273;o&#769;, ti&#768;nh tra&#803;ng t&acirc;m ly&#769; na&#768;y cu&#771;ng co&#769; nhi&ecirc;&#768;u m&#259;&#803;t t&ocirc;&#769;i nh&#432;: Ca&#777;m xu&#769;c ki&#769;ch hoa&#803;t s&#432;&#803; pha&#777;n kha&#769;ng na&#768;y kh&ocirc;ng pha&#777;i lu&#769;c na&#768;o cu&#771;ng giu&#769;p chu&#769;ng ta &#273;&#432;a ra quy&ecirc;&#769;t &#273;i&#803;nh t&ocirc;&#769;t nh&acirc;&#769;t hay &#273;a&#803;t &#273;&#432;&#417;&#803;c mu&#803;c ti&ecirc;u. Th&acirc;&#803;m chi&#769;, trong m&ocirc;&#803;t s&ocirc;&#769; tr&#432;&#417;&#768;ng h&#417;&#803;p, no&#769; co&#768;n bi&#803; pha&#777;n ta&#769;c du&#803;ng d&acirc;&#771;n &#273;&ecirc;&#769;n nh&#432;&#771;ng pha&#777;n &#432;&#769;ng thi&ecirc;&#769;u tr&#432;&#417;&#777;ng tha&#768;nh. [6] Ngu&ocirc;&#768;n tham kha&#777;o:&nbsp; [1] Jack W. Brehm (1966). Truy c&#7853;p ng&agrave;y 20/2/2022: https://dictionary.apa.org/reactance-theory[2] Elliot Aronson, Timothy D. Wilson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers (2015). Social Psychology. London, UK.Pearson.[3] Van Petegem, S., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., &amp; Beyers, W. (2015). Rebels with a cause? Adolescent defiance from the perspective of reactance theory and self&#8208;determination theory. Child Development https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25702962/[4] Willner, C. J., Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., &amp; Bray, B. C. (2016). The dynamics of internalizing and externalizing comorbidity across the early school years. Development and psychopathology. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/development-and-psychopathology/article/abs/dynamics-of-internalizing-and-externalizing-comorbidity-across-the-early-school-years/C705436A84A26221562BC765BB951853[5] Shenfield, T. (2019). What is Autonomy Supportive Parenting and How to Practice it. Child Psychology Resources by Dr. Tali Shenfield.&nbsp;https://www.psy-ed.com/wpblog/autonomy-supportive-parenting/[6]Jennifer Delgado&nbsp; https://psychology-spot.com/psychological-reactance/ ______________________________________ PsychoHub - D&#7921; &aacute;n T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c thu&#7897;c Youth+ CommunityFanpage: https://www.facebook.com/PsychoHub.Project/Email: youth.psychohub@gmail.com

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