EXPRESSIVE WRITING: VIẾT ĐỂ CHỮA LÀNH (PART 1)

[PSYCHOHUB] Kìm chế cảm xúc – Chúng ta có đang bỏ quên cảm xúc của chính mình?

MỘT SỐ THÔNG TIN VỀ NGÀNH TÂM LÝ HỌC TẠI VIỆT NAM

XANHLAM, TỰ TỬ Ở NHẬT

T&#7915; "b&ecirc; &#273;&ecirc;" c&oacute; g&#7889;c ti&#7871;ng Ph&aacute;p l&agrave; "p&eacute;d&eacute;rastie" ho&#7863;c "p&eacute;d&eacute;", d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; ch&#7881; h&agrave;nh vi quan h&#7879; t&igrave;nh d&#7909;c v&#7899;i tr&#7867; em (hay c&ograve;n g&#7885;i l&agrave; &#7845;u d&acirc;m). Sau n&agrave;y th&igrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i Vi&#7879;t Nam ho&#7863;c do hi&#7875;u sai &yacute; c&#7911;a t&#7915;, ho&#7863;c do c&#7889; t&igrave;nh m&agrave; bi&#7871;n t&#7915; n&agrave;y th&agrave;nh ti&#7871;ng l&oacute;ng mang &yacute; ti&ecirc;u c&#7921;c &#273;&#7875; ch&acirc;m bi&#7871;m c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng LGBT. Hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i LGBT &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7897;t s&#7889; n&#432;&#7899;c c&ocirc;ng nh&#7853;n, nh&#432;ng &#273;&acirc;u &#273;&oacute;, s&#7921; k&#7923; th&#7883; v&#7851;n lu&ocirc;n t&#7891;n t&#7841;i.&nbsp;TGD l&agrave; vi&#7871;t t&#7855;t c&#7911;a transgender and gender diverse d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; m&ocirc; t&#7843; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; b&#7843;n d&#7841;ng gi&#7899;i kh&aacute;c v&#7899;i gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh m&agrave; h&#7885; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7881; &#273;&#7883;nh khi sinh ra. V&iacute; d&#7909; nh&#432; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh khi sinh ra l&agrave; nam, nh&#432;ng h&#7885; mu&#7889;n tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh n&#7919;, v&agrave; t&#7921; nh&#7853;n m&igrave;nh l&agrave; n&#7919;, h&#7885; c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;i ph&#7851;u thu&#7853;t chuy&#7875;n gi&#7899;i ho&#7863;c kh&ocirc;ng.LGBT bao g&#7891;m c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i khi sinh ra c&oacute; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh nam, b&#7843;n d&#7841;ng gi&#7899;i c&#361;ng l&agrave; nam, h&#7885; bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n ra b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i c&#361;ng r&#7845;t nam t&iacute;nh (ch&#7881; l&agrave; h&#7885; th&iacute;ch nam), ch&iacute;nh v&igrave; th&#7871;, TGD b&#7883; k&#7923; th&#7883; nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n so v&#7899;i c&aacute;c th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n c&ograve;n l&#7841;i trong c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng LGBT.Thapar v&agrave; c&#7897;ng s&#7921; (2012) &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e t&acirc;m th&#7847;n c&#7911;a thanh thi&#7871;u ni&ecirc;n &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t quan tr&#7885;ng, &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; giai &#273;o&#7841;n ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n trong &#273;&oacute; c&aacute;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e t&acirc;m th&#7847;n (tr&#7847;m c&#7843;m, t&#7921; t&#7917;) &#273;ang t&#259;ng m&#7841;nh v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng ph&acirc;n bi&#7879;t gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh (ho&#7863;c c&oacute; th&igrave; ch&#7881; 1 ph&#7847;n r&#7845;t nh&#7887;). C&aacute;c h&agrave;nh vi nguy c&#417; li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e kh&aacute;c nhau &#7903; m&#7913;c cao nh&#7845;t, bao g&#7891;m r&#432;&#7907;u, ma tu&yacute; v&agrave; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng tr&aacute;i ph&eacute;p ch&#7845;t g&acirc;y nghi&#7879;n (Bachman v&agrave; c&#7897;ng s&#7921;, 2002). C&aacute;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; g&acirc;y c&#259;ng th&#7859;ng t&acirc;m l&yacute; x&atilde; h&#7897;i nh&#432; b&#7883; b&#7841;o l&#7921;c h&#7885;c &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng, kh&#7911;ng b&#7889; tinh th&#7847;n&hellip;c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t s&acirc;u s&#7855;c trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n n&agrave;y (Arnett JJ, 2000). Thanh thi&#7871;u ni&ecirc;n TGD c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng ngo&#7841;i l&#7879;, th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&ograve;n h&#417;n n&#7919;a. Ngo&agrave;i b&#7841;o l&#7921;c h&#7885;c &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng, h&#7885; c&ograve;n c&oacute; th&#7875; b&#7883; b&#7841;o l&#7921;c th&#7875; x&aacute;c, b&#7883; ch&#7917;i r&#7911;a t&#7915; ch&iacute;nh nh&#7919;ng th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n c&ograve;n l&#7841;i trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh. H&#7885; b&#7883; ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n, b&#7841;n b&egrave; xa l&aacute;nh, v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; ai &#273;&#7875; t&acirc;m s&#7921; gi&atilde;i b&agrave;y&hellip;Tr&ecirc;n th&#7921;c t&#7871;, b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng cho th&#7845;y kho&#7843;ng 50-90% ng&#432;&#7901;i TGD s&#7869; b&#7883; qu&#7845;y r&#7889;i b&#7857;ng l&#7901;i n&oacute;i ho&#7863;c kh&ocirc;ng t&ocirc;n tr&#7885;ng b&#7843;n d&#7841;ng gi&#7899;i c&#7911;a h&#7885; trong su&#7889;t cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i c&#7911;a h&#7885; v&agrave; &iacute;t nh&#7845;t 25% s&#7869; b&#7883; h&agrave;nh hung ho&#7863;c b&#7841;o l&#7921;c do nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7843;n d&#7841;ng gi&#7899;i c&#7911;a h&#7885; (McCann E, &amp; Brown M,2017). Cu&#7897;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t v&#7873; ng&#432;&#7901;i chuy&#7875;n gi&#7899;i t&#7841;i Hoa K&#7923; n&#259;m 2015 (USTS) (Jemes v&agrave; c&aacute;c c&#7897;ng s&#7921; ,2016), m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t l&#7899;n kh&ocirc;ng mang t&iacute;nh &#273;&#7841;i di&#7879;n v&#7873; s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e v&agrave; h&#7841;nh ph&uacute;c c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7899;n TGD (N= 27,715), &#273;&atilde; &#273;&aacute;nh gi&aacute; m&#7897;t lo&#7841;t c&aacute;c tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m v&#7873; ph&acirc;n bi&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i x&#7917; v&agrave; b&#7841;o l&#7921;c v&agrave; nh&#7853;n th&#7845;y t&#7927; l&#7879; cao m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch &#273;&aacute;ng lo ng&#7841;i. &#272;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n, 77% s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#7887;i cho bi&#7871;t &#273;&atilde; t&#7915;ng b&#7883; l&#7841;m d&#7909;ng b&#7857;ng l&#7901;i n&oacute;i ho&#7863;c th&#7875; ch&#7845;t &#7903; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7885;c (t&#7913;c l&agrave; trong c&aacute;c n&#259;m K-12), v&agrave; 50% nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7903; ngo&agrave;i gia &#273;&igrave;nh &#273;&atilde; tr&#7843;i qua &iacute;t nh&#7845;t m&#7897;t h&igrave;nh th&#7913;c t&#7915; ch&#7889;i t&#7915; gia &#273;&igrave;nh &#273;&oacute; trong th&#7901;i th&#417; &#7845;u ho&#7863;c khi tr&#432;&#7903;ng th&agrave;nh. . H&#417;n n&#7919;a, g&#7847;n m&#7897;t n&#7917;a (46%) b&#7883; qu&#7845;y r&#7889;i b&#7857;ng l&#7901;i n&oacute;i trong n&#259;m qua v&igrave; b&#7883; TGD v&agrave; 47% &#273;&atilde; t&#7915;ng b&#7883; t&#7845;n c&ocirc;ng t&igrave;nh d&#7909;c trong &#273;&#7901;i. Tr&#7847;m c&#7843;m v&agrave; lo l&#7855;ng &#273;&atilde; nhi&#7873;u l&#7847;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n gia t&#259;ng trong c&aacute;c c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng TGD v&agrave; &yacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng c&#361;ng nh&#432; n&#7895; l&#7921;c t&#7921; s&aacute;t &#273;ang &#7903; m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; d&#7883;ch b&#7879;nh. Trong cu&#7897;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t c&#7911;a Gower A.L v&agrave; c&#7897;ng s&#7921; (2018), Perez-Brumer A v&agrave; c&#7897;ng s&#7921; (2017), 82% ng&#432;&#7901;i tham gia kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t &#273;&atilde; xem x&eacute;t t&#7921; s&aacute;t v&agrave;o m&#7897;t th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m n&agrave;o &#273;&oacute; trong &#273;&#7901;i; 48% &#273;&atilde; nghi&ecirc;m t&uacute;c xem x&eacute;t vi&#7879;c t&#7921; s&aacute;t trong n&#259;m qua; v&agrave; 40% cho bi&#7871;t c&oacute; &yacute; &#273;&#7883;nh t&#7921; t&#7917; trong &#273;&#7901;i (g&#7845;p 9 l&#7847;n t&#7927; l&#7879; trong d&acirc;n s&#7889; n&oacute;i chung). C&aacute;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; v&#7873; s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e t&acirc;m th&#7847;n c&#361;ng ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n trong c&aacute;c m&#7851;u l&acirc;m s&agrave;ng c&#7911;a thanh ni&ecirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7881; &#273;&#7883;nh &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; ch&#7913;ng phi&#7873;n mu&#7897;n gi&#7899;i (Bechard M. v&agrave; c&#7897;ng s&#7921;, 2017).T&Oacute;M L&#7840;ICh&uacute;ng ta n&ecirc;n th&#7915;a nh&#7853;n v&agrave; t&ocirc;n tr&#7885;ng r&#7857;ng c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u c&aacute;ch &#273;&#7875; x&aacute;c &#273;&#7883;nh b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i hai gi&#7899;i nam v&agrave; n&#7919;.Th&#7875; hi&#7879;n gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh &#273;a d&#7841;ng kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; &#273;&#7875; t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m s&#7921; ch&uacute; &yacute; hay nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; &#273;&#7889;i x&#7917; &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t, m&agrave; l&agrave; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7853;t c&#7911;a m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i.M&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i bi&#7871;t v&#7873; m&#7885;i b&#7843;n d&#7841;ng gi&#7899;i ngo&agrave;i kia. &#272;i&#7873;u quan tr&#7885;ng h&#417;n l&agrave; m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i t&ocirc;n tr&#7885;ng nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;a d&#7841;ng v&#7873; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n c&#7911;a h&#7885; v&#7873; cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng c&#7911;a h&#7885;.S&#7917; d&#7909;ng t&ecirc;n v&agrave; &#273;&#7841;i t&#7915; ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c cho nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;a d&#7841;ng v&#7873; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh, c&#361;ng nh&#432; ng&ocirc;n ng&#7919; trung l&#7853;p v&#7873; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng k&#7923; v&#7885;ng h&#7907;p l&yacute; d&agrave;nh cho nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;a d&#7841;ng v&#7873; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh.S&#7921; h&ograve;a nh&#7853;p kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; mang l&#7841;i l&#7907;i &iacute;ch cho nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;a d&#7841;ng v&#7873; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh - n&oacute; mang l&#7841;i l&#7907;i &iacute;ch cho t&#7845;t c&#7843; m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i.Ch&uacute;ng ta c&oacute; th&#7875; kh&ocirc;ng th&iacute;ch nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;a d&#7841;ng v&#7873; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh, nh&#432;ng c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng n&ecirc;n k&#7923; th&#7883; h&#7885;.T&agrave;i li&#7879;u tham kh&#7843;o:&nbsp;Thapar A, Collishaw S, Pine DS, &amp; Thapar AK (2012). Depression in adolescence. Lancet, 379(9820), 1056&ndash;1067. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60871-4.Bachman J, O&rsquo;Malley P, Schulenberg J, Johnston L, Bryant A, &amp; Merline. A (2002). The decline of substance use in young adulthood: Changes in social activities, roles, and beliefs. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Associates Publishers.&nbsp;Arnett JJ (2000). Emerging adulthood. A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469&ndash;480. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469.McCann E, &amp; Brown M (2017). Discrimination and resilience and the needs of people who identify as Transgender: A narrative review of quantitative research studies. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(23-24), 4080&ndash;4093.&nbsp;Connolly MD, Zervos MJ, Barone CJ 2nd, Johnson, &amp; Joseph CL (2016). The mental health of transgender youth: Advances in understanding. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(5), 489&ndash;495. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.06.012James SE, Herman JL, Rankin S, Keisling M, Mottet L, &amp; Anafi M (2016). The report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality.&nbsp;Gower AL, Rider GN, Coleman E, Brown C, McMorris BJ, &amp; Eisenberg ME (2018). Perceived gender presentation among transgender and gender diverse youth: Approaches to analysis and associations with bullying victimization and emotional distress. LGBT Health, 5(5), 312&ndash;319. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2017.0176&nbsp;Perez-Brumer A, Day JK, Russell ST, &amp; Hatzenbuehler ML (2017). Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation among transgender youth in California: Findings from a representative, population-based sample of high school students. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(9), 739&ndash;746.doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.06.010&nbsp;Bechard M, VanderLaan DP, Wood H, Wasserman L, &amp; Zucker KJ (2017). Psychosocial and psychological vulnerability in adolescents with gender dysphoria: A &ldquo;proof of principle&rdquo; study. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 43(7), 678&ndash;688. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2016.1232325

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