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TH&Iacute; NGHI&#7878;M NH&Agrave; T&Ugrave; STANFORD&ldquo;Khi nh&#7919;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7889;t &#273;&#7865;p b&#7883; &#273;&#7863;t v&agrave;o m&#7897;t n&#417;i t&#7891;i t&#7879; x&#7845;u xa th&igrave; s&#7921; t&#7917; t&#7871; c&#7911;a h&#7885; li&#7879;u c&oacute; c&ograve;n ch&#7895; &#273;&#7913;ng?&rdquo;&nbsp;&#272;&oacute; l&agrave; c&acirc;u h&#7887;i m&agrave; Philip Zimbardo &ndash; m&#7897;t nh&agrave; t&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7863;t ra khi &ocirc;ng ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m nh&#7857;m nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh t&ugrave; nh&acirc;n v&agrave; qu&#7843;n ng&#7909;c v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1971. Th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c bi&#7871;t &#273;&#7871;n v&#7899;i t&ecirc;n g&#7885;i Th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m nh&agrave; t&ugrave; Stanford (Stanford Prison Experiment) v&agrave; &#273;&atilde; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m t&acirc;m l&yacute; g&acirc;y tranh c&atilde;i b&#7853;c nh&#7845;t trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917;.Zimbardo &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7863;t ra gi&#7843; thi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng h&agrave;nh vi ch&#7883;u t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a ho&agrave;n c&#7843;nh h&#417;n l&agrave; t&iacute;nh c&aacute;ch b&#7849;m sinh. &#272;&#7875; ch&#7913;ng minh cho gi&#7843; thi&#7871;t &#273;&oacute;, &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; cho thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p m&#7897;t m&ocirc; h&igrave;nh nh&agrave; t&ugrave; gi&#7843; &#273;&#7883;nh t&#7841;i t&#7847;ng h&#7847;m t&ograve;a nh&agrave; khoa T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c c&#7911;a &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Stanford. Nh&#7919;ng t&igrave;nh nguy&#7879;n vi&ecirc;n tham gia v&agrave;o cu&#7897;c th&#7917; nghi&#7879;m &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; c&aacute;c sinh vi&ecirc;n v&agrave; h&#7885; ph&#7843;i tr&#7843;i qua c&aacute;c cu&#7897;c ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o r&#7857;ng kh&ocirc;ng ai c&oacute; ti&#7873;n &aacute;n ti&#7873;n s&#7921;, v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; v&#7873; t&acirc;m l&yacute; c&#361;ng nh&#432; kh&ocirc;ng m&#7855;c b&#7879;nh l&yacute; n&agrave;o &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t. 24 ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chia ng&#7851;u nhi&ecirc;n th&agrave;nh 2 nh&oacute;m l&iacute;nh canh v&agrave; t&ugrave; nh&acirc;n v&#7899;i s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7857;ng nhau. T&ugrave; nh&acirc;n s&#7869; &#7903; trong nh&agrave; t&ugrave; gi&#7843; l&#7853;p 24 ti&#7871;ng/ng&agrave;y trong su&#7889;t kho&#7843;ng th&#7901;i gian 2 tu&#7847;n di&#7877;n ra cu&#7897;c th&#7917; nghi&#7879;m. Qu&#7843;n ng&#7909;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chia th&agrave;nh c&aacute;c nh&oacute;m 3 ng&#432;&#7901;i tr&#7921;c m&#7895;i ca 8 ti&#7871;ng v&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&eacute;p v&#7873; nh&agrave; gi&#7919;a c&aacute;c ca tr&#7921;c.&nbsp;V&agrave;o ng&agrave;y &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n c&#7911;a th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m, 12 t&igrave;nh nguy&#7879;n vi&ecirc;n trong vai &ldquo;t&ugrave; nh&acirc;n&rdquo; &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; b&#7855;t gi&#7919; b&#7845;t ng&#7901; b&#7903;i c&#7843;nh s&aacute;t th&#7853;t, b&#7883; c&ograve;ng tay v&agrave; &aacute;p gi&#7843;i &#273;&#7871;n nh&agrave; t&ugrave; t&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Stanford. T&#7841;i &#273;&acirc;y, nh&#7919;ng sinh vi&ecirc;n n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; ph&#7843;i ch&#7883;u s&#7921; &#273;&#7889;i x&#7917; t&agrave;n b&#7841;o theo &#273;&uacute;ng nh&#432; m&ocirc; ph&#7887;ng c&#7911;a m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng nh&agrave; t&ugrave; ngo&agrave;i &#273;&#7901;i th&#7921;c: h&#7885; b&#7883; b&#7855;t m&#7863;c &#273;&#7891;ng ph&#7909;c c&#7911;a t&ugrave; nh&acirc;n, mang x&iacute;ch kho&aacute; quanh m&#7855;t c&aacute; ch&acirc;n v&agrave; ch&#7881; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i b&#7857;ng m&atilde; s&#7889;. V&#7873; ph&#7847;n nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i gi&aacute;m ng&#7909;c, h&#7885; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#7845;p cho nh&#7919;ng b&#7897; &#273;&#7891;ng ph&#7909;c, d&acirc;y s&aacute;o, c&acirc;y ba tr&#7855;c &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i l&agrave; k&iacute;nh r&acirc;m &#273;&#7875; tr&aacute;nh ti&#7871;p x&uacute;c m&#7855;t v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng t&ugrave; nh&acirc;n. Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i gi&aacute;m ng&#7909;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&eacute;p l&agrave;m b&#7845;t c&#7913; &#273;i&#7873;u g&igrave; &#273;&#7875; duy tr&igrave; tr&#7853;t t&#7921; trong nh&agrave; t&ugrave; nh&#432;ng kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&eacute;p g&acirc;y ra nh&#7919;ng b&#7841;o h&agrave;nh v&#7873; th&#7875; ch&#7845;t &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i t&ugrave; nh&acirc;n. M&#7863;c d&ugrave; v&#7853;y, nh&#7919;ng t&igrave;nh nguy&#7879;n vi&ecirc;n trong vai qu&#7843;n ng&#7909;c &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7889;i x&#7917; v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng t&ugrave; nh&acirc;n theo c&aacute;ch th&#7913;c v&ocirc; c&ugrave;ng t&agrave;n b&#7841;o, &#273;&#7847;y h&#7853;n th&ugrave;, th&#7853;m ch&iacute; l&agrave; v&ocirc; nh&acirc;n t&iacute;nh. H&#7885; ch&#7871; nh&#7841;o, s&#7881; nh&#7909;c nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i t&ugrave; nh&acirc;n v&agrave; &aacute;p &#273;&#7863;t nh&#7919;ng h&igrave;nh ph&#7841;t khi h&#7885; kh&ocirc;ng ho&agrave;n th&agrave;nh nhi&#7879;m v&#7909;. Cu&#7897;c th&#7917; nghi&#7879;m &#273;&atilde; ghi nh&#7853;n nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i gi&aacute;m ng&#7909;c &#273;&atilde; li&ecirc;n t&#7909;c b&#7855;t c&aacute;c t&ugrave; nh&acirc;n ph&#7843;i c&#7885; r&#7917;a nh&agrave; v&#7879; sinh b&#7857;ng tay tr&#7847;n.&nbsp;M&#7863;c d&ugrave; th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m nh&agrave; t&ugrave; Stanford &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&#7921; ki&#7871;n s&#7869; k&eacute;o d&agrave;i 14 ng&agrave;y nh&#432;ng n&oacute; &#273;&atilde; ph&#7843;i d&#7915;ng l&#7841;i ch&#7881; sau 6 ng&agrave;y b&#7903;i nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; di&#7877;n ra &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i c&aacute;c t&igrave;nh nguy&#7879;n vi&ecirc;n. Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i trong vai t&ugrave; nh&acirc;n &#273;&atilde; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n nh&#7919;ng c&#7843;m x&uacute;c c&#7921;c k&#7923; ti&ecirc;u c&#7921;c, h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; tr&#7843;i qua nh&#7919;ng c&#259;ng th&#7859;ng cao &#273;&#7897; v&agrave; lo &acirc;u qu&aacute; m&#7913;c &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c c&aacute;c nh&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7875; h&#7885; ra kh&#7887;i th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m l&#7841;i s&#7899;m h&#417;n d&#7921; ki&#7871;n.&nbsp;Tr&ecirc;n th&#7921;c t&#7871;, m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng nh&agrave; t&ugrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cho l&agrave; nh&acirc;n t&#7889; quan tr&#7885;ng &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n h&agrave;nh vi c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng t&igrave;nh nguy&#7879;n vi&ecirc;n tham gia v&agrave;o cu&#7897;c th&#7917; nghi&#7879;m, b&#7903;i tr&#432;&#7899;c khi tham gia v&agrave;o th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m, kh&ocirc;ng ai trong s&#7889; h&#7885; cho th&#7845;y b&#7845;t c&#7913; d&#7845;u hi&#7879;u b&#7845;t &#7893;n t&acirc;m l&yacute; n&agrave;o. &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&yacute; gi&#7843;i b&#7857;ng Thuy&#7871;t hu&#7927; b&#7887; (Deindividuation) &ndash; tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i khi b&#7841;n qu&aacute; ho&agrave; nh&#7853;p v&agrave;o m&#7897;t h&#7897;i, nh&oacute;m &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c &#273;&aacute;nh m&#7845;t &#273;i &yacute; th&#7913;c v&#7873; c&aacute; nh&acirc;n. B&ecirc;n c&#7841;nh &#273;&oacute;, nh&#7919;ng t&igrave;nh nguy&#7879;n vi&ecirc;n trong vai t&ugrave; nh&acirc;n &#273;&atilde; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n s&#7921; ph&#7909;c t&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i gi&aacute;m ng&#7909;c &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c h&#7885; ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n kh&ocirc;ng ngh&#297; &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c h&#7885; c&oacute; th&#7875; y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u r&#7901;i kh&#7887;i th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m b&#7845;t c&#7913; l&uacute;c n&agrave;o. C&aacute;c nh&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u cho r&#7857;ng h&agrave;nh vi n&agrave;y c&oacute; li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; b&#7845;t l&#7921;c t&#7853;p nhi&#7877;m (hay b&#7845;t l&#7921;c do h&#7885;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &ndash; Learned helplessness) &ndash; s&#7921; b&#7845;t l&#7921;c x&#7843;y ra khi nh&#7919;ng t&ugrave; nh&acirc;n n&agrave;y nh&#7853;n th&#7845;y h&#7885; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; &#273;ang di&#7877;n ra. Ch&iacute;nh v&igrave; v&#7853;y, h&#7885; c&oacute; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng t&#7915; b&#7887; v&agrave; ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n s&#7921; an b&agrave;i c&#7911;a s&#7889; ph&#7853;n.&nbsp;Th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m nh&agrave; t&ugrave; Stanford ngay khi &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&ocirc;ng b&#7889; &#273;&atilde; v&#7845;p ph&#7843;i s&#7921; ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng d&#7919; d&#7897;i c&#7911;a gi&#7899;i nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; t&agrave;n b&#7841;o v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; m&agrave; nh&#7919;ng t&ugrave; nh&acirc;n ph&#7843;i tr&#7843;i qua. Th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; ch&#7881; tr&iacute;ch gay g&#7855;t b&#7903;i n&oacute; &#273;&atilde; kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&aacute;p &#7913;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7919;ng ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n trong B&#7897; Quy T&#7855;c &#272;&#7841;o &#272;&#7913;c c&#7911;a Hi&#7879;p H&#7897;i t&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c Hoa K&#7923;. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, c&#361;ng ch&iacute;nh nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; di&#7877;n ra trong th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m &#273;&atilde; ph&#7847;n n&agrave;o h&eacute; l&#7897; &#273;&aacute;p &aacute;n cho c&acirc;u h&#7887;i: Li&#7879;u ho&agrave;n c&#7843;nh hay t&iacute;nh c&aacute;ch s&#7869; quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh c&aacute;ch th&#7913;c con ng&#432;&#7901;i h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng? Richard Yacco &ndash; m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&oacute;ng vai t&ugrave; nh&acirc;n trong th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m v&#7873; sau &#273;&atilde; chia s&#7867; r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;T&ocirc;i ngh&#297; c&oacute; m&#7897;t &#273;i&#7873;u kh&aacute; th&uacute; v&#7883; v&#7873; th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m n&agrave;y &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; gi&#7843; s&#7917;, n&#7871;u b&#7841;n tin r&#7857;ng x&atilde; h&#7897;i &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7883;nh s&#7861;n cho b&#7841;n m&#7897;t vai g&igrave;, li&#7879;u b&#7841;n c&oacute; t&#7921; m&#7863;c &#273;&#7883;nh nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7863;c t&iacute;nh c&#7911;a vai tr&ograve; &#273;&oacute; v&agrave;o ch&iacute;nh m&igrave;nh?&rdquo;K&#7871;t lu&#7853;n l&#7841;i, th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m nh&agrave; t&ugrave; Stanford &#273;&atilde; ch&#7881; ra r&#7857;ng: h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng ta ch&#7883;u s&#7921; &#273;&#7883;nh h&#432;&#7899;ng c&#7911;a s&#7921; k&#7923; v&#7885;ng. Ch&uacute;ng ta &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7883;nh h&igrave;nh b&#7903;i c&aacute;c chu&#7849;n m&#7921;c v&agrave; c&aacute;c khu&ocirc;n m&#7851;u h&agrave;nh vi c&oacute; t&#7915; tr&#432;&#7899;c, b&#7903;i v&#7853;y ta c&oacute; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng theo nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; ch&uacute;ng ta &#273;&#432;&#7907;c mong &#273;&#7907;i. Cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng, b&agrave;i h&#7885;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c n&ecirc;u ra ch&iacute;nh l&agrave;: s&#7921; &#273;&#7897;c &aacute;c v&agrave; t&agrave;n b&#7841;o &#273;&#432;&#7907;c sinh ra t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng lo&#7841;i th&#7875; ch&#7871; v&agrave; m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh, b&#7903;i v&#7853;y, ch&uacute;ng ta c&oacute; th&#7875; thay &#273;&#7893;i ch&uacute;ng.&nbsp;C&aacute;c ngu&#7891;n:&nbsp;<ol><li><a href="https://vnexpress.net/nha-tu-stanford-thi-nghiem-tam-ly-hoc-tan-bao-trong-lich-su-3961099.html">https://vnexpress.net/nha-tu-stanford-thi-nghiem-tam-ly-hoc-tan-bao-trong-lich-su-3961099.html</a>&nbsp;</li><li><a href="https://trangtamly.blog/2018/09/05/gioi-thieu-ve-thi-nghiem-nha-tu-stanford-stanford-prison-experiment/">https://trangtamly.blog/2018/09/05/gioi-thieu-ve-thi-nghiem-nha-tu-stanford-stanford-prison-experiment/</a></li><li><a href="https://www.simplypsychology.org/zimbardo.html">https://www.simplypsychology.org/zimbardo.html</a></li><li><a href="https://www.newyorker.com/science/maria-konnikova/the-real-lesson-of-the-stanford-prison-experiment">https://www.newyorker.com/science/maria-konnikova/the-real-lesson-of-the-stanford-prison-experiment</a>&nbsp;</li></ol>&nbsp;--------------------------------------------------------------PsychoHub - D&#7921; &aacute;n T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c thu&#7897;c Youth+ CommunityFanpage:<a href="https://www.facebook.com/PsychoHub.Project/?__cft__%5B0%5D=AZUjXUwyIDIzO0S_eJ5O1Cmkoa--nlPE05UYc3HD8ycnfOWOeZVaYotih5-8Zl8T-VLme3LSjY_WZTdZlYn_ApEuXj7GmFnJDTKzAj1DCccDgczN6WMM9O-pTq7CeK64rvGabO4Epw-kuoZyNt-9Ii8qjIR5q7G8udNugDcCjFbk6w&amp;__tn__=kK-R"> https://www.facebook.com/PsychoHub.Project/</a>Email: youth.psychohub@gmail.com

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