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Nh&#432; &#273;&atilde; n&oacute;i &#7903; ph&#7847;n tr&#432;&#7899;c, do h&#7885;c thuy&#7871;t nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c x&atilde; h&#7897;i c&#7911;a Kohlberg c&ograve;n &#273;&oacute;ng khung c&aacute;c &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m, vai tr&ograve; x&atilde; h&#7897;i c&#7911;a gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh, n&ecirc;n v&#7851;n c&#7847;n c&oacute; c&aacute;ch di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i kh&aacute;c v&#7873; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh (sex) v&agrave; gi&#7899;i (gender) r&#7897;ng h&#417;n khi n&oacute;i &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n b&#7843;n d&#7841;ng gi&#7899;i &#7903; tr&#7867; m&#7851;u gi&aacute;o. &#272;&oacute; c&#361;ng l&agrave; l&iacute; do xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n kh&aacute;c d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; k&#7871;t n&#7889;i hai h&#7885;c thuy&#7871;t tr&ecirc;n- L&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7891; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh (gender schema theory) C. GENDER SCHEMA THEORY (L&#431;&#7906;C &#272;&#7890; GI&#7898;I)<ol><li>Gender schema theory: m&#7897;t l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#432;a ra b&#7903;i Sandra Bem, x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng tr&ecirc;n m&#7897;t h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ni&#7873;m tin v&#7873; c&aacute;c t&iacute;nh ch&#7845;t v&agrave; h&agrave;nh vi gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh gi&uacute;p tr&#7867; h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh &#273;&aacute;nh gi&aacute; v&agrave; x&aacute;c l&#7853;p gi&#7843;i thuy&#7871;t v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i xung quanh v&agrave; c&aacute;c t&igrave;nh hu&#7889;ng x&atilde; h&#7897;i, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng t&#7915; m&#7889;i quan h&#7879;, t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng qua l&#7841;i trong v&agrave; gi&#7919;a c&aacute;c gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh kh&aacute;c nhau [1].</li><li>Ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c: L&yacute; thuy&#7871;t c&#7911;a b&agrave; ch&#7883;u &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng t&#7915; l&agrave;n s&oacute;ng c&aacute;nh m&#7841;ng nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c v&agrave;o th&#7853;p ni&ecirc;n 1970-1980s. B&agrave; cho r&#7857;ng, d&#432;&#7899;i t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a v&#259;n h&oacute;a, tr&#7867; nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c quan ni&#7879;m ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh sinh h&#7885;c, v&agrave; d&ugrave;ng n&oacute; &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7883;nh ngh&#297;a c&aacute; nh&acirc;n (self-conceft). M&#7863;t kh&aacute;c, Bemn mong mu&#7889;n kh&#7855;c ph&#7909;c nh&#7919;ng h&#7841;n ch&#7871; c&#7911;a l&iacute; thuy&#7871;t ph&acirc;n t&acirc;m h&#7885;c, v&agrave; h&#7885;c t&#7853;p x&atilde; h&#7897;i &#273;&#432;&#417;ng th&#7901;i, khi ch&#432;a m&ocirc; t&#7843; k&#297; qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh h&#7885;c c&#361;ng nh&#432; c&aacute;ch th&#7913;c ti&#7871;p nh&#7853;n c&aacute;c th&ocirc;ng tin li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh [2].&nbsp;</li><li>N&#7897;i dung: D&#432;&#7899;i s&#7921; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a tr&#7867; sinh s&#7889;ng, ch&uacute;ng s&#7869; h&#7885;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7909; th&#7875; v&#7873; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh, v&agrave; t&#7921; h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh cho m&igrave;nh l&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7891; gi&#7899;i. &#272;&#432;&#7907;c h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh t&#7915; m&#7897;t qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh d&agrave;i h&#7841;n, l&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7891; gi&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; bao h&agrave;m s&#7921; b&#7845;t b&igrave;nh &#273;&#7859;ng gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh trong n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a &#273;&oacute;, s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n c&#7909; th&#7875; b&#7903;i t&iacute;nh &#273;&#7863;c th&ugrave; c&#7911;a t&#7915;ng n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a. Thay v&agrave;o &#273;&oacute;, theo Berm, l&iacute; thuy&#7871;t t&#7853;p trung v&agrave;o c&aacute;ch th&#7913;c c&aacute; nh&acirc;n thu nh&#7853;n th&ocirc;ng tin v&#7873; t&iacute;nh nam v&agrave; t&iacute;nh n&#7919;&nbsp; m&agrave; n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a &#273;&oacute; quy &#273;&#7883;nh. V&iacute; d&#7909;, m&#7897;t &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nu&ocirc;i d&#7841;y&nbsp; d&#432;&#7899;i s&#7921; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a n&#7873;n v&#259;n ho&aacute; c&#7921;c k&#7923; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng s&#7869; tin r&#7857;ng vai tr&ograve; c&#7911;a ph&#7909; n&#7919; l&agrave; ch&#259;m s&oacute;c v&agrave; nu&ocirc;i d&#7841;y con c&aacute;i, trong khi &#273;&oacute;, vai tr&ograve; c&#7911;a &#273;&agrave;n &ocirc;ng li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n c&ocirc;ng vi&#7879;c, kinh doanh. T&#7915; &#273;&oacute;, tr&#7867; em h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh l&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7891; li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; &#273;&agrave;n &ocirc;ng v&agrave; ph&#7909; n&#7919; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&eacute;p/kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&eacute;p l&agrave;m. [4]</li><li>&nbsp;Ph&acirc;n lo&#7841;i: M&#7863;c d&ugrave; ch&uacute;ng ta th&#432;&#7901;ng cho r&#7857;ng nam t&iacute;nh v&agrave; n&#7919; t&iacute;nh l&agrave; 2 ph&#7841;m tr&ugrave; &#273;&#7889;i l&#7853;p, nh&#432;ng n&#7871;u quy ch&uacute;ng v&#7873; thang &#273;o, th&igrave; h&#7847;u h&#7871;t m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7903; v&#7883; tr&iacute; gi&#7919;a hai th&aacute;i c&#7921;c. N&oacute;i c&aacute;ch kh&aacute;c, Bemn cho r&#7857;ng b&#7845;t k&igrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i n&agrave;o c&#361;ng c&oacute; &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m n&#7919; t&iacute;nh v&agrave; nam t&iacute;nh, v&igrave; nh&#7919;ng y&#7871;u t&#7889; &#273;&oacute; &#273;&#7897;c l&#7853;p v&#7899;i nhau. C&#7909; th&#7875; h&#417;n, m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; nam t&iacute;nh c&#7911;a m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; n&#7919; t&iacute;nh c&#7911;a h&#7885; v&agrave; ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i. M&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; th&#7875; c&oacute; m&#7913;c &#273;i&#7875;m th&#7845;p v&#7873; &#273;&#7897; n&#7919; t&iacute;nh/nam t&iacute;nh, v&agrave; c&#7843; hai.[3]</li></ol>Ch&iacute;nh &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n 4 ki&#7875;u ph&acirc;n lo&#7841;i sau (theo thang &#273;o Bemn): tr&ugrave;ng v&#7899;i gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh sinh h&#7885;c (sex-typed), kh&ocirc;ng tr&ugrave;ng gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh sinh h&#7885;c (cross-sex typed), l&#432;&#7905;ng t&iacute;nh (androgynous), kh&ocirc;ng ph&acirc;n bi&#7879;t gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh (undifferentiated).<ol><li>&#272;&aacute;nh gi&aacute;: Bemn tin r&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng l&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7891; gi&#7899;i &#273;&atilde; h&#7841;n ch&#7871; s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n &#273;&agrave;n &ocirc;ng, ph&#7909; n&#7919; v&agrave; to&agrave;n x&atilde; h&#7897;i, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i, nu&ocirc;i d&#432;&#7905;ng tr&#7867; v&#432;&#7907;t khu&ocirc;n m&#7851;u &#273;&#7883;nh ki&#7871;n s&#7869; gi&uacute;p tr&#7867; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n to&agrave;n di&#7879;n d&#432;&#7899;i s&#7921; d&#7851;n d&#7855;t c&#7911;a &yacute; ch&iacute; t&#7921; do (freewild). Tuy nhi&ecirc;n l&iacute; thuy&#7871;t v&#7845;p ph&#7843;i nhi&#7873;u tranh c&atilde;i v&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n c&#7909; th&#7875; v&#7873; n&#7897;i dung l&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7891; n&ecirc;n kh&oacute; l&#432;&#7907;ng h&oacute;a &#273;&#432;&#7907;c, m&#7863;t kh&aacute;c, ch&#432;a l&agrave;m r&otilde; vai tr&ograve; c&aacute;c t&aacute;c nh&acirc;n quan tr&#7885;ng kh&aacute;c (v&iacute; d&#7909; nh&#432; sinh h&#7885;c, t&#432;&#417;ng t&aacute;c x&atilde; h&#7897;i) [3,4].</li><li>T&#7893;ng k&#7871;t</li></ol>Nh&igrave;n chung, ngay t&#7915; nh&#7887; tr&#7867; &#273;&atilde; nh&#7853;n ra s&#7921; kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t c&#417; b&#7843;n gi&#7919;a nam v&agrave; n&#7919;, x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng hi&#7875;u bi&#7871;t s&acirc;u h&#417;n v&#7873; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&aacute;c nh&oacute;m gi&#7899;i. B&#7843;n d&#7841;ng gi&#7899;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t c&#7845;u tr&uacute;c &#273;a chi&#7873;u v&#7899;i nhi&#7873;u th&agrave;nh ph&#7847;n nh&#432; nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c, t&igrave;nh c&#7843;m, h&agrave;nh vi, kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; m&#7897;t quan &#273;i&#7875;m ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n n&agrave;o ch&#7881; thu&#7847;n t&uacute;y v&#7873; sinh h&#7885;c, nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c, x&atilde; h&#7897;i &#273;&#7911; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng l&iacute; gi&#7843;i &#273;&#7847;y &#273;&#7911;. N&oacute;i c&aacute;ch kh&aacute;c, &yacute; th&#7913;c v&#7873; b&#7843;n d&#7841;ng gi&#7899;i x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng t&#7915; m&#7889;i li&ecirc;n k&#7871;t ch&#7863;t ch&#7869; gi&#7919;a b&#7849;m sinh (t&#7921; &yacute; th&#7913;c) - m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng (&#273;&#432;&#7907;c nu&ocirc;i d&#432;&#7905;ng) [1].Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, nh&#7919;ng v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; xung quanh b&#7843;n d&#7841;ng gi&#7899;i v&#7851;n c&#7847;n nhi&#7873;u th&#7921;c nghi&#7879;m, nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u &#273;&#7875; l&agrave;m r&otilde; h&#417;n vai tr&ograve; c&#7911;a t&#7915;ng th&agrave;nh t&#7889; li&ecirc;n k&#7871;t h&#417;n trong t&#432;&#417;ng lai ______________________________________PsychoHub - D&#7921; &aacute;n T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c thu&#7897;c T&#7893; ch&#7913;c Youth+ CommunityFanpage: https://www.facebook.com/PsychoHub.Project/Email: youth.psychohub@gmail.com Ngu&#7891;n: Cho &#7903; cmt:[1] Gillibrand, R., Lam, V., &amp; O&rsquo;Donnell, V. L. (2016). Developmental Psychology. Pearson Education.[2] Gender Schema Theory Explained. (2019, August 22). ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/gender-schema-4707892[3] A-level Revision Notes AQA(A). (2018b). SimplyPsychology. Retrieved2018,from https://www.simplypsychology.org/a-level-gender.html#gen[4] How Cultural Norms Influence Behavior and Gender Value. (2020, May10).VerywellMind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-gender-schema-theory-2795205 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

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