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<html><body>Socrates l&agrave; 1 tri&#7871;t gia Hy L&#7841;p, m&#7897;t v&#297; nh&acirc;n &#273;&atilde; mang &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng quy chu&#7849;n ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n m&#7899;i cho n&#7873;n tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c T&acirc;y ph&#432;&#417;ng. Nh&#7919;ng chu&#7849;n m&#7921;c, l&yacute; l&#7869;, nh&acirc;n sinh quan &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;a ra khi&#7871;n &ocirc;ng tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh ngu&#7891;n c&#7843;m h&#7913;ng cho r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i d&ugrave; h&#7885; ch&#7881; ng&#7851;u nhi&ecirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nghe c&aacute;c b&agrave;i gi&#7843;ng c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng v&agrave; c&#361;ng ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u khi&#7871;n &ocirc;ng b&#7883; bu&#7897;c t&#7897;i, sau c&ugrave;ng l&agrave; b&#7883; h&agrave;nh quy&#7871;t.&nbsp;Socrates n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng b&#7903;i lu&ocirc;n &#273;&#7863;t ra c&acirc;u h&#7887;i cho m&#7885;i &#273;i&#7873;u v&#7873; cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng v&agrave; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. &Ocirc;ng kh&ocirc;ng bao gi&#7901; ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n nh&#7919;ng c&acirc;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i m&#7853;p m&#7901; m&agrave; lu&ocirc;n t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;. Socrates &#273;&atilde; s&#7889;ng 1 cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i r&#7845;t ngh&egrave;o kh&#7893;. D&ugrave; l&agrave; 1 nh&acirc;n v&#7853;t l&#7899;n c&#7911;a tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c nh&#432;ng Socrates l&#7841;i kh&ocirc;ng tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p &#273;&#7875; l&#7841;i b&#7845;t k&igrave; 1 t&#7915; n&agrave;o. M&#7885;i th&#7913; m&agrave; ch&uacute;ng ta bi&#7871;t v&#7873; &ocirc;ng &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; qua trung gian. H&#7847;u h&#7871;t ch&uacute;ng &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; c&aacute;c cu&#7897;c n&oacute;i chuy&#7879;n c&#7911;a Plato v&agrave; Xenophon c&ugrave;ng v&#7899;i v&#7903; k&#7883;ch c&#7911;a Aristophanes. Nh&#7919;ng cu&#7897;c n&oacute;i chuy&#7879;n theo ghi ch&eacute;p c&#7911;a Plato &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cho l&agrave; kh&aacute; ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c b&#7903;i Xenophone c&#361;ng tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh 1 tri&#7871;t gia v&agrave; c&oacute; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng &#273;&#432;a nh&#7919;ng l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng v&agrave;o c&aacute;c &#273;o&#7841;n h&#7897;i tho&#7841;i.&nbsp;Socrates b&#7883; bu&#7897;c t&#7897;i v&agrave; h&agrave;nh quy&#7871;t v&agrave;o n&#259;m 399 tr&#432;&#7899;c c&ocirc;ng nguy&ecirc;n, khi &ocirc;ng 70 tu&#7893;i. Phi&ecirc;n t&ograve;a n&agrave;y di&#7877;n ra b&#7903;i theo nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i bu&#7897;c t&#7897;i &ocirc;ng, Socrates &#273;&atilde; "t&#7915; ch&#7889;i ch&#7845;p nh&#7919;ng v&#7883; ch&uacute;a &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&iacute;nh quy&#7873;n ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n" v&agrave; "l&agrave;m h&#432; h&#7887;ng thanh ni&ecirc;n". &Ocirc;ng c&oacute; 3 gi&#7901; &#273;&#7875; tranh bi&#7879;n v&agrave; b&#7843;o v&#7879; m&igrave;nh nh&#432;ng thay v&agrave;o &#273;&oacute;, Socrates &#273;&atilde; thuy&#7871;t tr&igrave;nh v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng &yacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c m&agrave; 500 th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n c&#7911;a h&#7897;i &#273;&#7891;ng x&#7917; t&#7897;i t&#7915; ch&#7889;i ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n. &Ocirc;ng c&#361;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n tr&#7909;c xu&#7845;t kh&#7887;i Athens nh&#432;ng &ocirc;ng t&#7915; ch&#7889;i. Socrates sau &#273;&oacute; t&#7921; h&agrave;nh quy&#7871;t b&#7857;ng 1 ly thu&#7889;c &#273;&#7897;c.&nbsp;D&#432;&#7899;i &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; 24 c&acirc;u n&oacute;i n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng v&agrave; &#273;&#7847;y tr&iacute; tu&#7879; c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng:&nbsp;1. "Hi&#7875;u bi&#7871;t &#273;&iacute;ch th&#7921;c l&agrave; bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng m&igrave;nh kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t g&igrave; c&#7843;."&nbsp;2. "M&#7897;t cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; th&#7917; th&aacute;ch l&agrave; m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&aacute;ng &#273;&#7875; s&#7889;ng."&nbsp;3. " &#272;i&#7873;u t&#7889;t &#273;&#7865;p duy nh&#7845;t l&agrave; ki&#7871;n th&#7913;c, &#273;i&#7873;u x&#7845;u xa duy nh&#7845;t l&agrave; s&#7921; th&#7901; &#417; "&nbsp;4. "T&ocirc;i kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; d&#7841;y ai m&#7897;t th&#7913; g&igrave;. T&ocirc;i ch&#7881; c&oacute; th&#7875; khi&#7871;n h&#7885; suy ngh&#297; "&nbsp;5. "&#272;&#7889;i x&#7917; t&#7889;t v&#7899;i m&#7895;i ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7841;n g&#7863;p l&agrave; m&#7897;t tr&#7853;n chi&#7871;n kh&oacute; kh&#259;n."&nbsp;6. " Nh&#7919;ng b&#7897; &oacute;c l&#7899;n th&#7843;o lu&#7853;n v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng &yacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng, b&#7897; &oacute;c trung b&igrave;nh b&agrave;n lu&#7853;n v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng s&#7921; ki&#7879;n c&ograve;n nh&#7919;ng b&#7897; &oacute;c non y&#7871;u ch&#7881; n&oacute;i chuy&#7879;n v&#7873; con ng&#432;&#7901;i."&nbsp;7. " D&ugrave; sao th&igrave; m&#7897;t khi &#273;&atilde; k&#7871;t h&ocirc;n, n&#7871;u l&#7845;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7907; hi&#7873;n th&igrave; b&#7841;n s&#7869; h&#7841;nh ph&uacute;c; n&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng, b&#7841;n s&#7869; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t tri&#7871;t gia. "&nbsp;8. " Ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng h&agrave;i l&ograve;ng v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; anh ta c&oacute; c&#361;ng s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng h&agrave;i l&ograve;ng v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; &#7843;nh ta s&#7869; c&oacute;."&nbsp;9. " N&#7871;u b&#7841;n kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; m&igrave;nh mu&#7889;n, b&#7841;n ph&#7843;i kh&oacute; ch&#7883;u; n&#7871;u b&#7841;n c&oacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; b&#7841;n kh&ocirc;ng mu&#7889;n b&#7841;n c&#361;ng kh&oacute; ch&#7883;u; ngay c&#7843; khi b&#7841;n c&oacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; m&igrave;nh mu&#7889;n th&igrave; v&#7851;n kh&oacute; ch&#7883;u v&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; gi&#7919; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&atilde;i m&atilde;i. T&acirc;m tr&iacute; c&#7911;a b&#7841;n l&agrave; v&#7853;t c&#7843;n l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t. N&oacute; mu&#7889;n m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng t&#7921; do, kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i, kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; s&#7921; &#273;au &#273;&#7899;n, v&agrave; c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; c&aacute;i ch&#7871;t. Nh&#432;ng s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t &#273;i&#7873;u lu&#7853;t v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; s&#7921; gi&#7843; d&#7889;i n&agrave;o c&oacute; th&#7875; thay &#273;&#7893;i th&#7921;c t&#7871; &#273;&oacute;."&nbsp;10. " &#272;&ocirc;i khi b&#7841;n d&#7921;ng l&ecirc;n nh&#7919;ng b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7901;ng kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7875; ng&#259;n c&aacute;ch v&#7899;i m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i, m&agrave; &#273;&#7875; xem ai &#273;&#7911; quan t&acirc;m ph&aacute; b&#7887; n&oacute;."&nbsp;11. "Tr&iacute; tu&#7879; b&#7855;t ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u k&igrave; di&#7879;u."&nbsp;12. " &#272;&#7875; t&igrave;m th&#7845;y ch&iacute;nh m&igrave;nh, h&atilde;y bi&#7871;t c&aacute;ch suy ngh&#297; &#273;&#7897;c l&#7853;p."&nbsp;13. " Gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c nhen nh&oacute;m ng&#7885;n l&#7917;a ch&#7913; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i ch&#7881; &#273;&#7893; &#273;&#7847;y con t&agrave;u."&nbsp;14. "H&atilde;y t&#7921; hi&#7875;u ch&iacute;nh m&igrave;nh".&nbsp;15. " H&atilde;y &#273;&#7875; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&agrave;n &ocirc;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; chuy&#7875;n d&#7901;i th&#7871; gi&#7899;i t&#7921; d&#7883;ch chuy&#7875;n anh ta tr&#432;&#7899;c."&nbsp;16. "B&iacute; m&#7853;t c&#7911;a h&#7841;nh ph&uacute;c, b&#7841;n th&#7845;y &#273;&#7845;y, kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; t&igrave;m th&#7845;y khi t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n m&agrave; trong vi&#7879;c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n kh&#7843; n&#259;ng h&#432;&#7903;ng th&#7909; &iacute;t h&#417;n"&nbsp;17. "B&iacute; m&#7853;t c&#7911;a s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i l&agrave; t&#7853;p trung t&#7845;t c&#7843; n&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a b&#7841;n, kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7875; chi&#7871;n &#273;&#7845;u v&#7899;i c&aacute;i c&#361; m&agrave; l&agrave; x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng n&ecirc;n c&aacute;i m&#7899;i".&nbsp;18. "T&ocirc;i kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i Athen hay m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i Hy L&#7841;p m&agrave; t&ocirc;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t c&ocirc;ng d&#7851;n c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i n&agrave;y."&nbsp;19. " L&#7921;a ch&#7885;n ki&#7871;n th&#7913;c thay v&igrave; s&#7921; gi&agrave;u c&oacute;, v&#7899;i 1 s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&#7881; l&agrave; nh&#7845;t th&#7901;i, nh&#432;ng v&#7899;i m&#7897;t s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c l&#7841;i l&agrave; m&atilde;i m&atilde;i "&nbsp;20. "Hi&#7875;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&acirc;u h&#7887;i l&agrave; &#273;&atilde; t&igrave;m ra &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7897;t n&#7917;a &#273;&aacute;p &aacute;n"&nbsp;21. "Kh&ocirc;n ngoan th&#7921;c s&#7921; l&agrave; khi nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ki&#7871;n th&#7913;c &iacute;t &#7887;i m&agrave; ch&uacute;ng ta c&oacute; v&#7873; cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng, v&#7873; b&#7843;n th&acirc;n ch&uacute;ng ta v&agrave; v&#7873; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i xung quanh ch&uacute;ng ta"&nbsp;22. " S&#7921; h&agrave;i l&ograve;ng l&agrave; t&agrave;i s&#7843;n t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n, s&#7921; xa x&#7881; l&agrave; ngh&egrave;o &#273;&oacute;i gi&#7843; t&#7841;o "&nbsp;23. "&#272;&#7875; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t c&aacute;i g&igrave; &#273;&oacute; th&igrave; ph&#7843;i h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c ti&ecirc;n"&nbsp;24. "T&acirc;m tr&iacute; l&agrave; m&#7885;i th&#7913; b&#7841;n c&#7847;n; &#273;i&#7873;u b&#7841;n ngh&#297; ra l&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u b&#7841;n s&#7869; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh "&nbsp;&nbsp;Theo tr&iacute; th&#7913;c tr&#7867;.</body></html>

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Socrates là 1 triết gia Hy Lạp, một vĩ nhân đã mang đến những quy chuẩn hoàn toàn mới cho nền triết học Tây phương. Những chuẩn mực, lý lẽ, 

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