[PSYCHOHUB] LẦM TƯỞNG VÀ THỰC TẾ VỀ VẤN ĐỀ TỰ SÁT

[PSYCHOHUB] BYSTANDER EFFECT: BÀNG QUAN TRƯỚC MỌI TÌNH HUỐNG NƠI ĐÔNG NGƯỜI

[PSYCHOHUB] MANDELA EFFECT: KHOẢNH KHẮC SỰ THẬT PHƠI BÀY

PSYCHOHUB THUỘC TỔ CHỨC YOUTH+ COMMUNITY THÔNG BÁO TUYỂN THÀNH VIÊN GEN 3.0

Nh&#7919;ng quan &#273;i&#7875;m xung quanh &yacute; th&#7913;c gi&#7899;i (gender identity) lu&ocirc;n c&oacute; s&#7913;c h&#7845;p d&#7851;n k&igrave; l&#7841; v&#7899;i th&#7871; h&#7879; tr&#7867; ch&uacute;ng ta. &#272;&atilde; bao gi&#7901; b&#7841;n t&#7921; h&#7887;i ch&uacute;ng ta &#273;&atilde; h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh b&#7843;n d&#7841;ng gi&#7899;i nh&#432; th&#7871; n&agrave;o? Hay, n&oacute;i c&aacute;ch kh&aacute;c, &yacute; th&#7913;c gi&#7899;i &#7903; tr&#7867;&nbsp; l&agrave; h&#7885;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7915; ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c hay do t&#7921; &yacute; th&#7913;c? B&agrave;i vi&#7871;t g&#7891;m 2 ph&#7847;n s&#7869; &#273;i t&#7899;i l&iacute; gi&#7843;i c&acirc;u h&#7887;i tr&ecirc;n &#7903; &#273;&#7897; tu&#7893;i tr&#7867; m&#7851;u gi&aacute;o (3-6 tu&#7893;i) qua 2 g&oacute;c ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n ch&#7911; &#273;&#7841;o. &#128204;Theo (American Psychological Association, 2006), &yacute; th&#7913;c gi&#7899;i (gender identity) l&agrave; &yacute; th&#7913;c b&#7843;n th&acirc;n l&agrave; con trai, con g&aacute;i hay ng&#432;&#7901;i chuy&#7875;n gi&#7899;i [1]. Nh&#432; v&#7853;y &yacute; th&#7913;c gi&#7899;i &#7903; tr&#7867; (m&#7851;u gi&aacute;o) l&agrave; &yacute; th&#7913;c b&#7843;n th&acirc;n m&igrave;nh l&agrave; con trai hay con g&aacute;i, tr&#7867; nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&agrave;nh vi n&agrave;o ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh. PART 1: SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (THUY&#7870;T H&#7884;C T&#7852;P X&Atilde; H&#7896;I)T&#7915; tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7871;n nay, &yacute; th&#7913;c gi&#7899;i (gender identity) th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch d&#432;&#7899;i g&oacute;c nh&igrave;n sinh h&#7885;c, cho d&ugrave; quan &#273;i&#7875;m n&agrave;y c&oacute; m&#7897;t v&agrave;i h&#7841;n ch&#7871; nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh. M&#7895;i th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i s&#7869; cho ra quan &#273;i&#7875;m kh&aacute;c nhau v&#7873; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh v&agrave; h&agrave;nh vi ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p chu&#7849;n m&#7921;c th&#7901;i &#273;&oacute;, v&igrave; v&#7853;y, vi&#7879;c m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&oacute;ng vai tr&ograve; quan tr&#7885;ng trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh &yacute; th&#7913;c gi&#7899;i &#7903; tr&#7867; em l&agrave; ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n h&#7907;p l&yacute;. Ch&iacute;nh v&igrave; v&#7853;y, trong ph&#7841;m tr&ugrave; &yacute; th&#7913;c gi&#7899;i, t&#7915; l&acirc;u c&oacute; th&ecirc;m m&#7897;t quan &#273;i&#7875;m ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n th&uacute; v&#7883; kh&aacute;c - thuy&#7871;t h&#7885;c t&#7853;p x&atilde; h&#7897;i c&#7911;a Alber Bandura &#10024;Social learning theories: c&aacute;ch ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n cho r&#7857;ng vi&#7879;c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n b&#7843;n d&#7841;ng gi&#7899;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng t&#7915; kinh nghi&#7879;m s&#7889;ng &#273;&uacute;c k&#7871;t t&#7915; m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7911;a tr&#7867; nh&#7887;, th&#7875; hi&#7879;n th&ocirc;ng qua vi&#7879;c b&#7855;t ch&#432;&#7899;c h&#7879; th&#7889;ng h&agrave;nh vi v&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c khen th&#432;&#7903;ng khi l&#7863;p l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng chu&#7849;n m&#7921;c &#273;&oacute; [2].&#10024;Chu tr&igrave;nh h&#7885;c t&#7853;p nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c x&atilde; h&#7897;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#7853;n h&agrave;nh qua 4 giai &#273;o&#7841;n bao g&#7891;m: K&iacute;ch th&iacute;ch -&gt; Nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c -&gt; Ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng (m&ocirc; h&igrave;nh h&oacute;a) -&gt; C&#7911;ng c&#7889; [3]. V&#7853;y nh&#7919;ng t&aacute;c nh&acirc;n n&agrave;o ch&iacute;nh n&agrave;o &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh m&ocirc; h&igrave;nh h&oacute;a v&agrave; c&#7911;ng c&#7889; h&agrave;nh vi &#7903; tr&#7867; em? &#128073;Ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7899;n.&nbsp;<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">Theo h&#7885;c thuy&#7871;t, &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; c&oacute; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng m&ocirc; h&igrave;nh h&oacute;a h&agrave;nh vi c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7899;n th&agrave;nh c&aacute;c m&ocirc; h&igrave;nh h&agrave;nh vi, v&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#7911;ng c&#7889; b&#7857;ng c&aacute;ch ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7899;n khuy&#7871;n kh&iacute;ch nh&#7919;ng h&agrave;nh vi ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p, nh&#432; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n th&aacute;i &#273;&#7897; t&aacute;n th&agrave;nh khi tr&#7867; ch&#417;i v&#7899;i &#273;&#7891; ch&#417;i ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh (b&eacute; g&aacute;i ch&#417;i b&uacute;p b&ecirc;, b&eacute; trai ch&#417;i t&agrave;u h&#7887;a), v&agrave; ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7891;ng thu&#7853;n khi tr&#7867; ch&#7885;n &#273;&#7891; ch&#417;i kh&ocirc;ng t&#432;&#417;ng th&iacute;ch v&#7899;i vai tr&ograve; gi&#7899;i.</li></ul> <ul><li class="ql-align-justify">M&#7863;t kh&aacute;c, ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7899;n c&#361;ng l&#7845;y b&#7843;n th&acirc;n l&agrave;m h&igrave;nh m&#7851;u,th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n h&agrave;nh vi v&agrave; thu &#273;&#432;&#7907;c k&#7871;t qu&#7843; ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p vai tr&ograve; gi&#7899;i c&#7911;a n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a &#273;ang sinh s&#7889;ng. V&iacute; d&#7909; nh&#432; trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh, b&#7889; v&agrave; m&#7865; s&#7869; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n nh&#7919;ng c&ocirc;ng vi&#7879;c kh&aacute;c nhau (b&#7889; s&#7917;a ch&#7919;a &#273;&#7891; &#273;i&#7879;n t&#7917;, l&aacute;i &ocirc; t&ocirc;; m&#7865; l&agrave;m n&#7897;i tr&#7907;&hellip;)</li></ul> Series th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m Baby X (1970) ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh quan s&aacute;t ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng, t&#432;&#417;ng t&aacute;c c&#7911;a b&#7889; m&#7865; (h&#7885; kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u) khi th&#7845;y c&ugrave;ng m&#7897;t b&eacute; g&aacute;i m&#7863;c &#273;&#7891; m&agrave;u h&#7891;ng (Beth), thay &#273;&#7891; sang b&#7897; m&agrave;u xanh (Adam). Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u chi ra Ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7899;n c&oacute; h&agrave;nh vi th&aacute;i &#273;&#7897; kh&aacute;c nhau qua di&#7879;n m&#7841;o c&#7911;a b&eacute;, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t khi b&eacute; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n v&#7899;i &#273;&#7891; m&agrave;u h&#7891;ng (Beth) nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921;&nbsp; t&#432;&#417;ng t&aacute;c t&iacute;ch c&#7921;c h&#417;n (Will v&agrave; &#273;&#7891;ng s&#7921;, 1976). (&#7902; c&aacute;c n&#432;&#7899;c ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y quan ni&#7879;m &#273;&#7891; m&agrave;u xanh d&agrave;nh cho con trai, v&agrave; t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921;, &#273;&#7891; m&agrave;u h&#7891;ng d&agrave;nh con con g&aacute;i) T&oacute;m l&#7841;i, ch&iacute;nh h&agrave;nh vi ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7899;n th&#7875; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7883;nh ki&#7871;n v&#7873; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&agrave; trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh t&#432;&#417;ng t&aacute;c v&#7899;i tr&#7867; &#128073;B&#7841;n &#273;&#7891;ng trang l&#7913;a&nbsp;A. Bandura &#273;&atilde; ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh nh&#7919;ng nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u quy m&ocirc; l&#7899;n v&#7873; &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng m&ocirc; h&igrave;nh c&oacute; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7899;n &#273;&#7871;n h&agrave;nh vi. &Ocirc;ng ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n ra r&#7857;ng, ch&uacute;ng ta c&oacute; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng m&ocirc; h&igrave;nh h&oacute;a h&agrave;nh vi c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i c&ugrave;ng gi&#7899;i v&agrave; c&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7897; tu&#7893;i v&#7899;i m&igrave;nh [3]. V&#7853;y tr&#7867; m&#7851;u gi&aacute;o h&#7885;c t&#7915; c&aacute;c b&#7841;n m&igrave;nh nh&#432; th&#7871; n&agrave;o?<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">Khi tr&#7867; 3-4 tu&#7893;i, &#273;&atilde; bi&#7871;t ch&#417;i nh&#7919;ng ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng theo khu&ocirc;n m&#7851;u gi&#7899;i&nbsp;</li></ul> <ul><li class="ql-align-justify">Khi tr&#7867; 4-5 tu&#7893;i d&agrave;nh h&#417;n n&#7917;a th&#7901;i gian th&#7913;c gi&#7845;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh t&#7841;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng m&#7847;m non, n&#417;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ti&#7871;p x&uacute;c v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; c&ugrave;ng l&#7913;a kh&aacute;c v&agrave; s&#7869; ph&#7843;n &#273;&#7889;i tr&#432;&#7899;c nh&#7919;ng h&agrave;nh vi kh&ocirc;ng ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng tr&#7867; kh&aacute;c. Tr&#7867; l&#7863;p l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng quan &#273;i&#7875;m m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch c&#7913;ng nh&#7855;c nh&#432; b&#7889; ch&#7881; l&aacute;i xe, x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng, kh&ocirc;ng v&agrave;o b&#7871;p v&agrave; ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, m&#7865; kh&ocirc;ng l&aacute;i &ocirc; t&ocirc;, s&#7869; lau ch&ugrave;i d&#7885;n d&#7865;p..&nbsp;</li></ul> <ul><li class="ql-align-justify">L&uacute;c 6 tu&#7893;i ch&#417;i v&#7899;i b&#7841;n c&ugrave;ng gi&#7899;i nhi&#7873;u g&#7845;p ch&#7909;c l&#7847;n b&#7841;n kh&aacute;c gi&#7899;i. Nh&#7919;ng tr&#7867; c&oacute; &yacute; th&#7913;c r&otilde; r&agrave;ng v&#7873; c&aacute;c khu&ocirc;n m&#7851;u vai tr&ograve; x&atilde; h&#7897;i th&igrave; s&#7921; ph&acirc;n bi&#7879;t m&#7851;u vai tr&ograve; gi&#7899;i c&agrave;ng r&otilde; v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; b&#7841;n kh&aacute;c gi&#7899;i. M&#7897;t nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u chi&#7873;u d&#7885;c (Martin et al., 2013) ch&#7881; ra r&#7857;ng nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c gi&#7899;i t&igrave;nh c&#7911;a b&#7843;n th&acirc;n tr&#7867; v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng b&#7841;n &#273;&#7891;ng trang l&#7913;a &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7899;n trong vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7883;nh h&igrave;nh t&igrave;nh b&#7841;n, v&agrave; c&aacute;c ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng theo gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh sau n&agrave;y. V&igrave; v&#7853;y c&oacute; th&#7875; n&oacute;i nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; &#273;&#7891;ng trang l&#7913;a v&#7915;a l&agrave; t&aacute;c nh&acirc;n tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p v&#7915;a l&agrave; t&aacute;c nh&acirc;n gi&aacute;n ti&#7871;p trong vi&#7879;c h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh &yacute; th&#7913;c gi&#7899;i &#7903; tr&#7867;. [2]</li></ul> Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u ch&#7881; ra b&eacute; g&aacute;i th&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7883;u &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng b&eacute; c&ugrave;ng gi&#7899;i kh&aacute;c v&agrave; gi&aacute;o vi&ecirc;n, trong khi b&eacute; trai ch&#7881; ch&#7883;u &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng b&eacute; trai kh&aacute;c v&agrave; ch&#417;i m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch hi&#7871;u &#273;&#7897;ng (t&iacute;ch c&#7921;c &#7891;n &agrave;o). C&oacute; th&#7875; nh&#7919;ng ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng trong l&#7899;p nh&#432; l&#7855;ng nghe, chia s&#7867; (thi&ecirc;n h&#432;&#7899;ng n&#7919; t&iacute;nh) t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng m&#7841;nh v&#7899;i b&eacute; g&aacute;i h&#417;n b&eacute; trai (Fagot, 1977). Nh&#432; v&#7853;y, trong tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&agrave;y tr&#7867; kh&ocirc;ng b&#7883; &#273;&#7897;ng, h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh s&#7921; ch&uacute; &yacute; c&oacute; ch&#7885;n l&#7885;c trong khi c&ugrave;ng l&uacute;c ti&#7871;p nh&#7853;n &#273;a d&#7841;ng c&aacute;c kh&iacute;a c&#7841;nh kh&aacute;c trong x&atilde; h&#7897;i. &#128073;Truy&#7873;n th&ocirc;ng R&#7845;t d&#7877; th&#7845;y vai tr&ograve; &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t c&#7911;a ph&#432;&#417;ng ti&#7879;n truy&#7873;n h&igrave;nh th&ocirc;ng tin &#273;&#7841;i ch&uacute;ng &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i tr&#7867; em &#7903; c&aacute;c n&#432;&#7899;c c&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p. Tr&#7867; th&#432;&#7901;ng xem TV, t&#432;&#417;ng t&aacute;c tr&ecirc;n kh&ocirc;ng gian m&#7841;ng h&#417;n l&agrave; gia &#273;&igrave;nh v&agrave; v&#7899;i b&#7841;n b&egrave;, ch&iacute;nh v&igrave; v&#7853;y content n&agrave;o nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; quan t&acirc;m &#273;&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7843;o s&#7869; c&oacute; hi&#7879;u &#7913;ng khu&ocirc;n m&#7851;u m&#7841;nh m&#7869; t&#7899;i tr&#7867;. <ul><li class="ql-align-justify">TV: ph&#7911; s&oacute;ng h&agrave;ng lo&#7841;t qu&#7843;ng c&aacute;o v&#7873; &#273;&#7891; ch&#417;i tr&#7867; em show ra s&#7921; th&iacute;ch th&uacute; c&#7911;a tr&#7867; em v&#7899;i &#273;&#7891; ch&#417;i theo khu&ocirc;n m&#7851;u gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh ( b&eacute; trai th&iacute;ch si&ecirc;u nh&acirc;n, b&eacute; g&aacute;i th&iacute;ch b&uacute;p b&ecirc;..)</li></ul> <ul><li class="ql-align-justify">T&#7915; nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m 2000s, tr&#7867; em v&agrave; thanh thi&#7871;u ni&ecirc;n s&#7917; d&#7909;ng internet nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n, v&agrave; &#273;&atilde; nh&#7853;n s&#7921; c&#7911;ng c&#7889; h&agrave;nh vi v&#7873; chu&#7849;n m&#7921;c gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh (con g&aacute;i v&#7899;i v&#7867; n&#7919; t&iacute;nh, con trai v&#7867; &#273;&#7865;p nam t&iacute;nh m&#7841;nh m&#7869;). Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u ch&#7881; ra s&#7921; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng ti&ecirc;u c&#7921;c c&#7911;a internet g&acirc;y ra &#273;&#7883;nh ki&#7871;n v&#7873; gi&#7899;i t&iacute;nh &#7903; tr&#7867; (1000 tr&#7867; tham gia) (VD: c&oacute; th&#7875; d&#7851;n tr&#7867; h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh Toxic masculinity- t&iacute;nh nam &#273;&#7897;c h&#7841;i), v&igrave; v&#7853;y c&ocirc; &#7911;ng h&#7897; vi&#7879;c d&#7841;y ch&uacute;ng c&aacute;ch nh&#7853;n bi&#7871;t lo&#7841;i tr&#7915; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7883;nh ki&#7871;n tr&ecirc;n (SteinerAdair and Barker, 2013) [2].</li></ul> &#128204;&#272;&aacute;nh gi&aacute;&nbsp;<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">H&#7885;c thuy&#7871;t c&#7911;a Albert Bandura kh&ocirc;ng ch&uacute; tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7871;n tr&#7867; em &#7903; l&#7913;a tu&#7893;i kh&aacute;c nhau hi&#7875;u v&agrave; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n h&agrave;nh vi c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng nh&#432; th&#7871; n&agrave;o. V&iacute; d&#7909;, tr&#7867; nh&#7887; th&#432;&#7901;ng ch&uacute; &yacute; &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng t&igrave;nh hu&#7889;ng trong b&#7919;a &#259;n, trong khi v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng tr&#7867; l&#7899;n tu&#7893;i h&#417;n, ch&uacute;ng b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u h&#7885;c c&aacute;ch m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#432;&#417;ng t&aacute;c.</li></ul> <ul><li class="ql-align-justify">Social learning theory ch&#7881; h&#432;&#7899;ng t&#7899;i h&#7885;c t&#7853;p h&agrave;nh vi c&#7909; th&#7875;, kh&ocirc;ng bao h&agrave;m qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh h&#7885;c t&#7853;p n&oacute;i chung.</li></ul>&#65279;<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">M&#7897;t &#273;i&#7873;u quan tr&#7885;ng kh&aacute;c, l&iacute; thuy&#7871;t ch&uacute; tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7871;n c&#7843;m nh&#7853;n c&#7911;a &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; v&#7873; m&#7897;t h&agrave;nh vi c&#7909; th&#7875; (n&#7871;u b&#7841;n kh&ocirc;ng c&#7843;m th&#7845;y h&agrave;i l&ograve;ng v&#7873; h&agrave;nh vi n&agrave;y th&igrave; tr&#7867; nh&#7887; c&oacute; m&ocirc; h&igrave;nh h&oacute;a c&#7843;m x&uacute;c &#273;&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng) [4].</li></ul> Ngu&#7891;n tham kh&#7843;o:[1] American Psychological Association. (2012). Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients. American Psychologist, 67(1), 10&ndash;42. doi: 10.1037/a0024659&nbsp;[2] Gillibrand, R., Lam, V., &amp; O&rsquo;Donnell, V. L. (2016). Developmental Psychology. Pearson Education.[3]&nbsp; Phan Tr&#7885;ng Ng&#7885;, L&ecirc; Minh Nguy&#7879;t (2021). Giao tr&igrave;nh C&aacute;c l&iacute; thuy&#7871;t ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n t&acirc;m l&iacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i.[4] Social Learning Theory of Gender by Bandura. (n.d.). ScienceAid. <a href="https://scienceaid.net/psychology/gender/learning.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(17, 85, 204);">https://scienceaid.net/psychology/gender/learning.html</a> ______________________________________PsychoHub - D&#7921; &aacute;n T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c thu&#7897;c Youth+ CommunityFanpage: https://www.facebook.com/PsychoHub.Project/Email: youth.psychohub@gmail.com

PsychoHub

Những quan điểm xung quanh ý thức giới (gender identity) luôn có sức hấp dẫn kì lạ với thế hệ trẻ chúng ta. Đã bao giờ bạn tự hỏi chúng 

[PSYCHOHUB] BẢN DẠNG GIỚI ĐƯỢC HÌNH THÀNH NHƯ THẾ NÀO?

MỞ ĐƠN ĐĂNG KÝ WORKSHOP TRỰC TUYẾN “VOLUNTEER FOR IMPACT IN VIETNAM” - CƠ HỘI TRỞ THÀNH TÌNH NGUYỆN VIÊN QUỐC TẾ CỦA LIÊN HỢP QUỐC!

BẠN CÓ Ý ĐỊNH GÌ CHO KÌ NGHỈ HÈ NÀY?

[FULLY FUNDED] VIẾT LUẬN HAY, BAY NGAY TỚI ÁO

[Mỹ] Chương Trình Học Bổng Toàn Phần Bậc Thạc Sĩ Của Fulbright Vietnamese Student Program 2021-2022