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K&yacute; &#7913;c sai g&acirc;y ra v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; th&#7921;c s&#7921;. Nh&#7853;n d&#7841;ng sai s&#7869; &#273;&#432;a m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i v&ocirc; t&#7897;i v&agrave;o t&ugrave;. M&#7897;t k&yacute; &#7913;c sai l&#7847;m v&#7873; th&#7901;i th&#417; &#7845;u c&oacute; th&#7875; khi&#7871;n m&#7897;t gia &#273;&igrave;nh tan v&#7905;. Nh&#432;ng n&#7871;u c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng c&aacute;ch &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7843;o ng&#432;&#7907;c k&yacute; &#7913;c sai l&#7879;ch th&igrave; sao? <h3>&#128204;&#272;i&#7873;u g&igrave; g&acirc;y ra v&#7899;i&nbsp; m&#7897;t b&#7897; nh&#7899; sai? T&#7841;i sao ta l&#7841;i nh&#7899; nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#432;a t&#7915;ng x&#7843;y ra?</h3> Tr&iacute; nh&#7899; c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7873;m d&#7867;o v&agrave; d&#7877; thao t&aacute;c. Vi&#7879;c b&oacute;p m&eacute;o k&yacute; &#7913;c ho&#7863;c vi&#7879;c &#273;&#432;a ra th&ocirc;ng tin sai l&#7879;ch c&oacute; th&#7875; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n c&aacute;ch ta nh&#7899; l&#7841;i c&aacute;c s&#7921; ki&#7879;n d&ugrave; b&#7843;n th&acirc;n l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p ch&#7913;ng ki&#7871;n v&agrave; tr&#7843;i qua. Ngo&agrave;i ra, trong m&#7897;t s&#7889; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh, m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; th&#7875; b&#7883; cung c&#7845;p th&ocirc;ng tin sai l&#7879;ch v&agrave; b&#7883; thuy&#7871;t ph&#7909;c &#273;&#7875; tin r&#7857;ng m&#7897;t s&#7921; ki&#7879;n ch&#432;a bao gi&#7901; x&#7843;y ra th&#7921;c s&#7921; &#273;&atilde; x&#7843;y ra. Khi ch&uacute;ng&nbsp; ta ti&#7871;p nh&#7853;n c&aacute;c th&ocirc;ng tin kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7847;y &#273;&#7911;, n&atilde;o b&#7897; s&#7869; t&igrave;m c&aacute;ch &#273;i&#7873;n v&agrave;o ch&#7895; tr&#7889;ng. N&#7871;u b&#7841;n nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y m&#7897;t b&#7913;c &#7843;nh c&#7911;a m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i m&agrave; b&#7841;n ch&#432;a bao gi&#7901; g&#7863;p v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7841;n chung &#273;&atilde; chia s&#7867; c&aacute;c chi ti&#7871;t m&ocirc; t&#7843; v&#7873; th&#7901;i gian d&agrave;nh cho ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&oacute;, b&#7841;n c&oacute; th&#7875; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u tin r&#7857;ng b&#7841;n &#273;&atilde; th&#7921;c s&#7921; g&#7863;p ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&oacute;. [1]&nbsp; <h3>&#128204; T&#7841;i sao k&yacute; &#7913;c thay &#273;&#7893;i theo th&#7901;i gian?</h3>Nh&agrave; t&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c Elizabeth Loftus c&#7911;a &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c California t&#7841;i Irvine, m&#7897;t nh&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&oacute; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng v&#7873; tr&iacute; nh&#7899;, l&#432;u &yacute; r&#7857;ng m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i t&ocirc; &#273;i&#7875;m ho&#7863;c th&ecirc;m v&agrave;o k&yacute; &#7913;c c&#7911;a h&#7885; khi nh&#7899; l&#7841;i ho&#7863;c k&#7875; l&#7841;i. Theo th&#7901;i gian, v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng thay &#273;&#7893;i d&ugrave; ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c hay kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&oacute; s&#7869; th&#7921;c s&#7921; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n k&yacute; &#7913;c trong t&acirc;m tr&iacute; c&#7911;a h&#7885;. Loftus c&#7843;nh b&aacute;o r&#7857;ng tr&iacute; nh&#7899; c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t thi&#7871;t b&#7883; ghi &acirc;m, m&agrave; gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; m&#7897;t trang Wikipedia h&#417;n: B&#7841;n c&oacute; th&#7875; thay &#273;&#7893;i n&oacute;, nh&#432;ng nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875;. [1]&nbsp; <h3>&#128204; Ch&uacute;ng ta c&oacute; th&#7875; x&oacute;a b&#7887; nh&#7919;ng k&yacute; &#7913;c sai l&#7847;m kh&ocirc;ng? Vi&#7879;c x&oacute;a b&#7887; nh&#7919;ng k&yacute; &#7913;c sai l&agrave; r&#7845;t kh&oacute; ngay c&#7843; khi ch&uacute;ng ta bi&#7871;t ch&uacute;ng kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; s&#7921; th&#7853;t.</h3> Trong m&#7897;t nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u m&#7899;i v&agrave;o n&#259;m 2021, Gs. Ts. Aileen Oeberst v&agrave; c&aacute;c &#273;&#7891;ng nghi&#7879;p &#273;&atilde; b&aacute;o c&aacute;o c&aacute;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t gi&uacute;p x&oacute;a k&yacute; &#7913;c sai l&#7879;ch. &#272;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n, h&#7885; n&oacute;i v&#7899;i m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i r&#7857;ng m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; m&#7897;t s&#7889; k&yacute; &#7913;c &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; c&aacute;c ngu&#7891;n kh&aacute;c. C&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave; m&#7897;t c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n gia &#273;&igrave;nh ho&#7863;c nh&#7919;ng b&#7913;c &#7843;nh &#273;&atilde; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng l&agrave;m k&#7927; ni&#7879;m c&#7911;a ri&ecirc;ng m&igrave;nh. Th&#7913; hai, h&#7885; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch r&#7857;ng li&ecirc;n t&#7909;c b&#7883; h&#7887;i v&#7873; m&#7897;t s&#7921; ki&#7879;n sai l&#7879;ch c&oacute; th&#7875; khi&#7871;n m&#7897;t s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng k&yacute; &#7913;c sai l&#7879;ch t&#7915; &#273;&oacute;. [2]&nbsp; Vi&#7879;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng nh&#7919;ng k&#7929; thu&#7853;t n&agrave;y khi&#7871;n m&#7897;t s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i gi&#7843;m ni&#7873;m tin v&agrave;o nh&#7919;ng k&yacute; &#7913;c sai l&#7847;m m&agrave; h&#7885; t&#7841;o ra. Nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n tuy&ecirc;n b&#7889; nh&#7899; l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng s&#7921; ki&#7879;n gi&#7843;, m&#7863;c d&ugrave; h&#7885; v&#7851;n ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n nh&#7919;ng s&#7921; ki&#7879;n &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; s&#7921; th&#7853;t. B&#7857;ng c&aacute;ch n&agrave;y, c&aacute;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t n&agrave;y c&oacute; m&#7897;t s&#7889; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng x&oacute;a b&#7887; nh&#7919;ng tuy&ecirc;n b&#7889; v&#7873; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng ghi nh&#7899;. Hi&#7879;u &#7913;ng x&oacute;a n&agrave;y d&ugrave; nh&#7887; nh&#432;ng &#273;&aacute;ng tin c&#7853;y v&#7873; m&#7863;t th&#7889;ng k&ecirc; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u. V&#7853;y &#273;&acirc;y c&oacute; ph&#7843;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t minh ch&#7913;ng hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; trong vi&#7879;c x&oacute;a k&yacute; &#7913;c sai l&#7847;m? Ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng. Trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u, khi &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&ocirc;ng b&aacute;o r&#7857;ng m&#7897;t k&yacute; &#7913;c l&agrave; m&#7897;t c&#7845;u tr&uacute;c sai &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra trong th&#7917; nghi&#7879;m, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i tham gia &#273;&atilde; ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n th&ocirc;ng tin n&agrave;y. Nh&#432;ng h&#7885; c&oacute; th&#7875; kh&ocirc;ng x&oacute;a nh&#7919;ng h&igrave;nh &#7843;nh &#273;i k&egrave;m v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng b&#7897; nh&#7899;. H&#7885; kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7897;t nhi&ecirc;n qu&ecirc;n c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n m&agrave; h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng. Nh&#7919;ng h&igrave;nh &#7843;nh v&agrave; c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n &#273;&oacute; v&#7851;n c&ograve;n t&#7891;n t&#7841;i trong &#273;&#7847;u h&#7885;. H&#7885; ch&#7881; &#273;&aacute;nh gi&aacute; l&#7841;i th&ocirc;ng tin &#273;&oacute; v&agrave; quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n tin nh&#7919;ng h&igrave;nh &#7843;nh &#273;&oacute; n&#7919;a v&agrave; c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; k&yacute; &#7913;c c&aacute; nh&acirc;n c&#7911;a ch&iacute;nh m&igrave;nh. Alan Scoboria v&agrave; c&aacute;c &#273;&#7891;ng nghi&#7879;p c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; g&#7885;i &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng k&yacute; &#7913;c kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; tin &#273;&#432;&#7907;c. [3] Th&ocirc;ng qua vi&#7879;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng l&#7863;p &#273;i l&#7863;p l&#7841;i c&aacute;c b&#7913;c &#7843;nh c&#7911;a m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&agrave;n &ocirc;ng v&ocirc; t&#7897;i v&agrave;o nh&#7919;ng l&#7847;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7901;i &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7853;n di&#7879;n, Jennifer Thompson &#273;&atilde; x&aacute;c &#273;&#7883;nh nh&#7847;m th&#7911; ph&#7841;m &#273;&atilde; c&#432;&#7905;ng hi&#7871;p c&ocirc;. Ronald Cotton &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; v&agrave;o t&ugrave; v&igrave; m&#7897;t t&#7897;i danh m&agrave; anh ta ch&#432;a t&#7915;ng ph&#7841;m ph&#7843;i. Cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng anh ta &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c minh oan th&ocirc;ng qua vi&#7879;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng DNA. Ph&#7847;n &#273;&aacute;ng lo ng&#7841;i l&agrave; khi Thompson &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&ocirc;ng b&aacute;o r&#7857;ng c&ocirc; &#273;&atilde; x&aacute;c &#273;&#7883;nh nh&#7847;m ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&agrave;n &ocirc;ng, tr&iacute; nh&#7899; c&#7911;a c&ocirc; v&#7851;n&nbsp; kh&ocirc;ng thay &#273;&#7893;i. Ni&#7873;m tin c&#7911;a c&ocirc; v&agrave;o k&yacute; &#7913;c &#273;&oacute; &#273;&atilde; thay &#273;&#7893;i, nh&#432;ng k&yacute; &#7913;c v&#7873; k&#7867; &#273;&atilde; h&atilde;m hi&#7871;p c&ocirc; v&#7851;n l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&agrave;n &ocirc;ng v&ocirc; t&#7897;i Ronald Cotton. C&ocirc; &#273;&atilde; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n m&#7897;t tr&iacute; nh&#7899; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; tin &#273;&#432;&#7907;c (Thompson-Cannino, Cotton, &amp; Torneo, 2009). [4] B&#7897; nh&#7899; v&#7851;n c&ograve;n. Ch&uacute;ng ta c&oacute; th&#7875; kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n tin r&#7857;ng k&yacute; &#7913;c l&agrave; s&#7921; th&#7853;t. Nh&#432;ng k&yacute; &#7913;c v&#7851;n c&ograve;n. Ch&uacute;ng ta c&oacute; th&#7875; x&oacute;a &#273;i ni&#7873;m tin trong k&yacute; &#7913;c. Nh&#432;ng nh&#7919;ng h&igrave;nh &#7843;nh v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n c&oacute; th&#7875; l&#432;u l&#7841;i trong tr&iacute; nh&#7899;. T&aacute;c ph&#7849;m m&#7899;i n&agrave;y c&#7911;a Oeberst v&agrave; c&aacute;c &#273;&#7891;ng nghi&#7879;p r&#7845;t hay. Nh&#432;ng th&#7913; h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; x&oacute;a &#273;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t ni&#7873;m tin. T&ocirc;i kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7855;c r&#7857;ng ch&uacute;ng ta c&oacute; th&#7875; t&#7921; x&oacute;a b&#7897; nh&#7899;. Ch&uacute;ng v&#7851;n t&#7891;n t&#7841;i, ngay c&#7843; khi ch&uacute;ng ta bi&#7871;t ch&uacute;ng kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; s&#7921; th&#7853;t&hellip; <h3>Ngu&#7891;n t&agrave;i li&#7879;u tham kh&#7843;o:</h3>[1] Psychology Today Staff. (2022). False Memories. Psychology Today. <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/false-memories#why-false-memories-are-common" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(17, 85, 204);">https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/false-memories#why-false-memories-are-common</a>[2] Oeberst, A., Wachend&ouml;rfer, M. M., Imhoff, R., &amp; Blank, H. (2021). Rich false memories of autobiographical events can be reversed. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(13), e2026447118.&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026447118" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(17, 85, 204);">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026447118</a>&nbsp;[3] Hyman, I. (2021). Can We Erase False Memories? Psychology Today. <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mental-mishaps/202105/can-we-erase-false-memories" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(17, 85, 204);">https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mental-mishaps/202105/can-we-erase-false-memories</a>&nbsp;[4] Thompson-Cannino, J., Cotton, R., &amp; Torneo, E. (2009). Picking cotton: Our memoir of injustice and redemption. Macmillan. 	______________________________________	PsychoHub - D&#7921; &aacute;n T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c thu&#7897;c Youth+ Community	Fanpage: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/PsychoHub.Project/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(5, 99, 193);">https://www.facebook.com/PsychoHub.Project/</a>	Email: youth.psychohub@gmail.com

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