VÙNG XÁM - CÂU CHUYỆN VỀ SỰ TRƯỞNG THÀNH (vol. 3)

VÙNG XÁM - CÂU CHUYỆN VỀ SỰ TRƯỞNG THÀNH

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STRESS – ĐỪNG SỢ, HÃY CẢM NHẬN VẺ ĐẸP

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<html><body><h2 style="text-align:justify;">K&#7923; 2: Kohlberg v&agrave; tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i r&#417;i t&#7921; do</h2>&nbsp;<blockquote>V&igrave; cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng n&agrave;y v&#7889;n d&#297; &#273;a d&#7841;ng h&#417;n m&#7897;t l&#7899;p h&#7885;c hay gi&#7843;ng &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng. N&ecirc;n d&ugrave; c&oacute; ho&#7843;ng s&#7907;, c&#361;ng &#273;&#7915;ng ch&ugrave;n b&#432;&#7899;c.</blockquote>&#7842;nh: &nbsp;Th&aacute;p ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c lu&acirc;n l&yacute; c&#7911;a Kohlberg (1958)&nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;">H&#7885;c thuy&#7871;t Kohlberg</h3>&nbsp;Theo Lawrence Kohlberg, gi&aacute;o s&#432; ng&agrave;nh T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c thu&#7897;c &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Harvard, qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c XH v&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n t&#432; duy lu&acirc;n l&yacute; c&#7911;a m&#7895;i ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; t&#7845;t c&#7843; 6 giai &#273;o&#7841;n v&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chia th&agrave;nh 3 th&#7901;i k&#7923; ch&iacute;nh: Ti&#7873;n quy &#432;&#7899;c, Th&ocirc;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng v&agrave; H&#7853;u quy &#432;&#7899;c. (Tham kh&#7843;o &#7843;nh minh h&#7885;a: th&aacute;p ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c XH)&#7902; th&#7901;i k&#7923; ti&#7873;n quy &#432;&#7899;c (giai &#273;o&#7841;n 1 v&agrave; 2), ch&uacute;ng ta &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; v&agrave; h&#7885;c c&aacute;ch &#7913;ng x&#7917;, nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c x&atilde; h&#7897;i th&ocirc;ng qua t&#432;&#417;ng t&aacute;c v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i xung quanh. Ta b&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7847;u nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c &#273;&uacute;ng/sai d&#7921;a theo ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng c&#7911;a m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng v&agrave; th&aacute;i &#273;&#7897; c&#7911;a ta. S&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c c&#7911;a ta trong th&#7901;i k&#7923; n&agrave;y xoay quanh hai kh&aacute;i ni&#7879;m Th&#432;&#7903;ng v&agrave; Ph&#7841;t: n&#7871;u ta &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#432;&#7903;ng (khen t&#7863;ng, khuy&#7871;n kh&iacute;ch&hellip;), c&oacute; ngh&#297;a &#273;i&#7873;u ta l&agrave;m l&agrave; t&#7889;t. Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, khi b&#7883; ph&#7841;t (ph&ecirc; b&igrave;nh, la m&#7855;ng&hellip;) ngh&#297;a l&agrave; t&#7889;t nh&#7845;t kh&ocirc;ng n&ecirc;n l&#7863;p l&#7841;i h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng hay th&aacute;i &#273;&#7897; &#273;&oacute;.&#7902; th&#7901;i k&#7923; Th&ocirc;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng (giai &#273;o&#7841;n 3 v&agrave; 4), nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ti&#7871;p x&uacute;c v&#7899;i m&#7897;t h&igrave;nh th&aacute;i x&atilde; h&#7897;i m&#7899;i: nh&agrave; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. T&#7841;i &#273;&acirc;y, m&#7895;i c&aacute; nh&acirc;n s&#7869; h&#7885;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&aacute;ch s&#7889;ng theo nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u l&#7879; trong cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng, ch&#7911; y&#7871;u d&#432;&#7899;i hai h&igrave;nh th&uacute;c, n&#7897;i quy nh&agrave; tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&agrave; lu&#7853;t ph&aacute;p c&#417; b&#7843;n c&#7911;a x&atilde; h&#7897;i. Trong nh&#7919;ng giai &#273;o&#7841;n n&agrave;y, &ldquo;t&#7889;t&rdquo; ngh&#297;a l&agrave; tu&acirc;n th&#7911; lu&#7853;t l&#7879; v&agrave; ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng quy chu&#7849;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7863;t ra. H&igrave;nh m&#7851;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#432;&#7899;ng &#273;&#7871;n trong th&#7901;i k&#7923; n&agrave;y l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng kh&aacute;i ni&#7879;m ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n trong x&atilde; h&#7897;i nh&#432; &ldquo;H&#7885;c sinh Gi&#7887;i&rdquo;, &ldquo;C&ocirc;ng d&acirc;n t&#7889;t&rdquo;, &hellip;&nbsp;Th&#7901;i k&#7923; H&#7853;u quy &#432;&#7899;c (giai &#273;o&#7841;n 6 v&agrave; 7) c&#361;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c xem l&agrave; th&#7901;i k&#7923; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n cao nh&#7845;t v&#7873; m&#7863;t nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c c&#7911;a m&#7895;i con ng&#432;&#7901;i. Ch&uacute;ng ta ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n kh&#7843; n&#259;ng &#273;&#432;a ra nh&#7919;ng &yacute; ki&#7871;n ch&#7911; quan v&agrave; h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh nh&#7919;ng nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c v&#7873; b&#7843;n b&#7843;n ng&atilde;. M&#7895;i ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7921; nh&igrave;n nh&#7853;n m&igrave;nh nh&#432; m&#7897;t c&aacute; th&#7875; bi&#7879;t l&#7853;p ch&#7913; kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; l&agrave; m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n t&#7917; trong t&#7853;p th&#7875;. V&agrave; v&#7899;i t&#432; c&aacute;ch m&#7897;t c&aacute; nh&acirc;n, ch&uacute;ng ta b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u &#273;&aacute;nh gi&aacute; nh&#7919;ng quy &#432;&#7899;c x&atilde; h&#7897;i, kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n m&#7863;c &#273;&#7883;nh ch&uacute;ng nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng chu&#7849;n m&#7921;c &#273;&#7875; tu&acirc;n theo, m&agrave; c&#259;n c&#7913; v&agrave;o t&iacute;nh h&#7907;p l&yacute; c&#361;ng nh&#432; s&#7921; t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng quy &#432;&#7899;c &#7845;y &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i m&#7895;i c&aacute; nh&acirc;n trong t&#7853;p th&#7875;.&nbsp;V&ugrave;ng X&aacute;m l&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&uacute;ng ta nh&#7853;n di&#7879;n c&#361;ng v&agrave;o th&#7901;i k&#7923; H&#7853;u quy &#432;&#7899;c n&agrave;y. M&#7895;i ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#7921; x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng cho m&igrave;nh m&#7897;t h&#7879; so s&aacute;nh ng&#7847;m trong nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7875;m kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t v&agrave; s&#7921; kh&ocirc;ng t&#432;&#417;ng th&iacute;ch gi&#7919;a nh&#7919;ng h&igrave;nh m&#7851;u hay l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7915; gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c v&agrave; th&#7921;c t&#7871; c&#7911;a c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng, x&atilde; h&#7897;i. &#272;&oacute; l&agrave; l&yacute; do m&agrave; hai giai &#273;o&#7841;n cu&#7889;i, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&agrave; giai &#273;o&#7841;n 6 &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&aacute;nh gi&aacute; l&agrave; ti&ecirc;u bi&#7875;u cho &ldquo;qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng m&acirc;u thu&#7851;n t&#7891;n t&#7841;i trong x&atilde; h&#7897;i&rdquo; (&ldquo;The Philosophy of Moral Development&rdquo;, xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n n&#259;m 1971).&nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;">C&uacute; nh&#7843;y trong V&ugrave;ng x&aacute;m v&agrave; h&agrave;nh tr&igrave;nh c&#7911;a s&#7921; tr&#432;&#7903;ng th&agrave;nh</h3>&nbsp;Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, s&#7921; th&#7853;t l&agrave; V&ugrave;ng X&aacute;m v&agrave; kh&#7903;i ngu&#7891;n c&#7911;a n&oacute;, x&eacute;t theo ph&#432;&#417;ng di&#7879;n n&agrave;o &#273;&oacute;, &#273;&atilde; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#7915; tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7843; khi ta 18 tu&#7893;i. C&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t l&agrave; h&#7879; qu&#7843; t&#7915; hai y&#7871;u t&#7889;: thi&ecirc;n ki&#7871;n c&aacute; nh&acirc;n v&agrave; qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ti&#7871;p nh&#7853;n s&#7921; gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c t&#7915; 12 n&#259;m &#273;&egrave;n s&aacute;ch.&nbsp;&#272;&#7915;ng hi&#7875;u l&#7847;m! S&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; s&#7921; c&ocirc;ng k&iacute;ch hay &#273;&#7893; l&#7895;i cho h&#7879; th&#7889;ng gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c g&igrave; &#7903; &#273;&acirc;y c&#7843;. (D&#297; nhi&ecirc;n l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n nh&#7919;ng b&#7845;t c&#7853;p c&#7911;a n&oacute;). Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, ch&uacute;ng ta &#273;ang b&agrave;n t&#7899;i nh&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7875;m thu&#7897;c v&#7873; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t, ch&#7911; y&#7871;u d&#7921;a v&agrave;o l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c ph&#7893; qu&aacute;t ch&#7913; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i m&#7897;t ch&iacute;nh s&aacute;ch c&#7909; th&#7875; hay ng&#7855;n h&#7841;n. &#272;&#417;n gi&#7843;n, trong su&#7889;t nh&#7919;ng c&#7845;p h&#7885;c ph&#7893; th&ocirc;ng, ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; b&#7841;n h&#7885;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&agrave; c&aacute;ch tr&#7843; l&#7901;i nh&#7919;ng c&acirc;u h&#7887;i, gi&#7843;i nh&#7919;ng b&agrave;i t&#7853;p sao cho &#272;&Uacute;NG. Ki&#7871;n th&#7913;c v&agrave; k&#7929; n&#259;ng ch&uacute;ng ta l&#297;nh h&#7897;i ch&#7911; y&#7871;u xoay quanh tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c v&#7899;i hai th&aacute;i c&#7921;c r&otilde; r&#7879;t m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n: &#272;&Uacute;NG &ndash; SAI, T&#7888;T &ndash; X&#7844;U. C&ocirc;ng b&#7857;ng m&agrave; n&oacute;i th&igrave; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng nh&agrave; tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&agrave; &#273;&#7897;i ng&#361; gi&aacute;o vi&ecirc;n v&#7873; m&#7897;t m&#7863;t &#273;&atilde; ho&agrave;n th&agrave;nh ph&#7847;n vi&#7879;c c&#417; b&#7843;n &#273;&#7875; gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c n&ecirc;n nh&#7919;ng c&aacute; th&#7875; c&oacute; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng tham gia v&agrave;o gu&#7891;ng quay c&#7911;a x&atilde; h&#7897;i.&nbsp;B&#7845;t c&#7853;p l&agrave; &#7903; ch&#7895;, t&#7845;t c&#7843; ch&uacute;ng ta v&ocirc; h&igrave;nh chung &#273;&atilde; ti&#7871;p nh&#7853;n m&#7885;i th&#7913; t&#7915; b&#7909;c gi&#7843;ng m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch th&#7909; &#273;&#7897;ng, t&#7915; &#273;&oacute; h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh &#273;&#7883;nh ki&#7871;n c&aacute; nh&acirc;n. N&oacute;i &#273;&uacute;ng h&#417;n, th&#7871; gi&#7899;i quan m&agrave; ta x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng ph&#7847;n nhi&#7873;u phi&#7871;n di&#7879;n v&agrave; c&#7921;c &#273;oan, ch&#7881; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i hai th&aacute;i c&#7921;c tr&#7855;ng &ndash; &#273;en t&aacute;ch b&#7841;ch. Trong th&#7871; gi&#7899;i quan &#7845;y, v&#7889;n d&#297; ch&#7859;ng c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u ngo&#7841;i l&#7879; hay nh&#7919;ng ng&atilde; r&#7869; kh&aacute;c nhau bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i ch&#7885;n l&#7921;a l&agrave; m&#7845;y.V&#7853;y n&ecirc;n, m&#7897;t &#273;i&#7873;u d&#7877; hi&#7875;u l&agrave; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; s&#7869; ph&aacute;t sinh khi b&#7841;n r&#7901;i kh&#7887;i gh&#7871; nh&agrave; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. T&#7915; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i quan c&ograve;n h&#7841;n ch&#7871; c&#7911;a ri&ecirc;ng b&#7841;n &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i th&#7921;c n&#417;i V&ugrave;ng X&aacute;m t&#7891;n t&#7841;i, c&#417; b&#7843;n l&agrave; lu&#7853;t ch&#417;i &#273;&atilde; thay &#273;&#7893;i. Vi&#7879;c c&#7843;m th&#7845;y l&#7841; l&#7851;m v&agrave; kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t l&agrave; l&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#417;ng nhi&ecirc;n, b&#7903;i thay &#273;&#7893;i v&agrave; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng m&#7897;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i quan l&agrave; qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh c&#7847;n c&oacute; s&#7921; th&iacute;ch nghi v&agrave; ti&ecirc;u t&#7889;n kh&aacute; nhi&#7873;u th&#7901;i gian.Th&#7853;m ch&iacute; l&agrave; trong th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m m&agrave; t&#432; duy ph&#7843;n bi&#7879;n (critical thinking) tr&#7903; n&ecirc;n ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n v&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7873; cao m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch &#273;&aacute;ng ng&#7841;c nhi&ecirc;n nh&#432; hi&#7879;n nay, vi&#7879;c k&#7871;t h&#7907;p v&#7899;i m&#7897;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i quan non n&#7899;t v&agrave; b&#7843;o th&#7911; c&#361;ng ch&#7859;ng gi&uacute;p ph&aacute;t huy t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng l&agrave; m&#7845;y, n&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng mu&#7889;n n&oacute;i l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i. Nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n l&agrave; b&#7903;i t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng mang n&#7863;ng th&agrave;nh ki&#7871;n th&#432;&#7903;ng &ndash; ph&#7841;t, th&#7855;ng &ndash; thua, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; ph&#7847;n n&agrave;o &#259;n s&acirc;u v&agrave;o ti&#7873;m th&#7913;c c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng ta. Th&#7871; n&ecirc;n t&#7915; m&#7897;t k&#7929; n&#259;ng v&#7889;n d&#297; nh&#7857;m khai th&aacute;c c&aacute;c kh&iacute;a c&#7841;nh &#273;a d&#7841;ng c&#7911;a cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng v&agrave; khuy&#7871;n kh&iacute;ch s&#7921; r&#7897;ng m&#7903; trong t&#7847;m nh&igrave;n, ph&oacute;ng kho&aacute;ng trong vi&#7879;c ti&#7871;p nh&#7853;n c&aacute;c quan &#273;i&#7875;m; gi&#7901; &#273;&acirc;y n&oacute; l&#7841;i ch&#7911; y&#7871;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng nh&#432; m&#7897;t c&ocirc;ng c&#7909; &#273;&#7875; thua &#273;&#7911; v&#7899;i nhau trong nh&#7919;ng &ldquo;cu&#7897;c tranh lu&#7853;n&rdquo; v&agrave; ch&#7913;ng t&#7887; xem ai &ldquo;h&#417;n&rdquo; ai. V&agrave; t&#7879; nh&#7845;t l&agrave; k&#7929; n&#259;ng n&agrave;y c&oacute; l&uacute;c ch&#7881; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c xem nh&#432; m&#7897;t c&#7909;m t&#7915; ti&#7879;n th&ecirc;m v&agrave;o nh&#7919;ng b&#7897; h&#7891; s&#417; c&aacute; nh&acirc;n cho &#273;&#7865;p m&#7855;t.Ch&iacute;nh v&igrave; nh&#7919;ng m&#7863;c &#273;&#7883;nh v&agrave; &#273;i&#7875;m nh&igrave;n h&#7841;n ch&#7871; trong t&#432; duy nh&#432; v&#7853;y m&agrave; vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7889;i di&#7879;n v&#7899;i V&ugrave;ng X&aacute;m ch&#432;a bao gi&#7901; l&agrave; d&#7877; d&agrave;ng. Ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c l&agrave; vi&#7879;c n&agrave;y gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; tr&ograve; nh&#7843;y bungee. N&oacute; &#273;&ograve;i h&#7887;i m&#7897;t b&#7843;n l&#297;nh &#273;&#7875; d&aacute;m r&#417;i t&#7921; do &ndash; r&#417;i ra kh&#7887;i nh&#7919;ng thi&ecirc;n ki&#7871;n s&#7861;n c&oacute; v&agrave; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i quan ch&#7853;t h&#7865;p c&#7911;a b&#7843;n th&acirc;n. H&atilde;y tin t&#432;&#7903;ng m&#7897;t &#273;i&#7873;u r&#7857;ng n&#7871;u b&#7841;n r&#417;i &#273;&#7911; l&acirc;u, &#273;&#7871;n khi t&#432; duy &#273;&atilde; mang &#273;&#7911; s&#7913;c n&#7863;ng, t&#7921; kh&#7855;c b&#7843;n th&acirc;n s&#7869; c&oacute; th&#7875; b&#7853;t l&ecirc;n &#273;&#7847;y m&#7841;nh m&#7869;.&nbsp;Ch&#7859;ng c&oacute; cu&#7897;c h&agrave;nh tr&igrave;nh tr&#432;&#7903;ng th&agrave;nh n&agrave;o d&#7877; d&agrave;ng c&#7843;. N&ecirc;n vi&#7879;c ta th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n m&#7897;t c&uacute; r&#417;i t&#7921; do v&agrave;o V&ugrave;ng X&aacute;m, &yacute; ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y l&agrave; s&#7921; tr&#432;&#7903;ng th&agrave;nh t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng va &#273;&#7853;p b&ecirc;n trong &#273;&oacute;. Va &#273;&#7853;p &#7845;y l&agrave; gi&#7919;a m&#7897;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i quan &#273;&atilde; c&#361; v&agrave; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i quan &#273;a chi&#7873;u h&#417;n, va &#273;&#7853;p v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7875;m nh&igrave;n v&agrave; ph&ocirc;ng v&#259;n h&oacute;a kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t t&#7915; m&#7895;i c&aacute; nh&acirc;n m&agrave; ch&uacute;ng ta ti&#7871;p x&uacute;c. &#272;&#7875; &#273;&#7871;n cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng, ai r&#7891;i c&#361;ng ph&#7843;i v&#7905; ra m&#7897;t l&#7869; v&#7873; b&agrave;i h&#7885;c t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng V&ugrave;ng X&aacute;m. R&#7857;ng n&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng v&#432;&#7907;t ra kh&#7887;i nh&#7919;ng quy chu&#7849;n c&#417; b&#7843;n nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i, m&#7885;i s&#7921; tr&ecirc;n &#273;&#7901;i &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; l&yacute; l&#7869; c&#7911;a ri&ecirc;ng n&oacute;. &#272;i&#7873;u c&#7889;t y&#7871;u n&#7857;m &#7903; ch&#7895;, &#273;i&#7873;u c&#417; b&#7843;n l&agrave;m n&ecirc;n m&#7895;i ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; g&igrave;? V&agrave; r&#7889;t cu&#7897;c th&igrave; ta l&agrave; ai?&nbsp;<h4 style="text-align:justify;">(to be continued&hellip;)</h4>&nbsp;Author: UY&Ecirc;N PH&#431;&#416;NG (YOUTHer)</body></html>

Uyên Phương

Kỳ 2: Kohlberg và trạng thái rơi tự do Vì cuộc sống này vốn dĩ đa dạng hơn một lớp học hay giảng đường. Nên dù có hoảng sợ, cũng đừng 

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VÙNG XÁM - CÂU CHUYỆN VỀ SỰ TRƯỞNG THÀNH (vol. 2)